Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is an attention-grabbing sensor type, which offers the sensitive and selective detection of biomolecules and environmentally toxic substances. Notably, the SPR sensor ...gives excellent rewards including real-time, in-situ, and label-free measuring capability as compared to existing sensing technologies. As a result, these noteworthy merits of the SPR sensor make it straightforward to investigate the molecular events and chemical/gas molecule interaction. Unfortunately, there are different binding events including smaller molecular mass substances, which cannot be detected at the SPR sensor. Accordingly, this downside of the SPR sensor eventually led to the design and implementation of new approaches for sensitivity and selectivity improvement for sensing applications in different fields. Recently, the black phosphorus (BP) derived 2 D nanomaterial is stand out as a distinctive nanostructure in comparison to recently reported other 2 D nanomaterials. Substantial and functional characteristics of BP including simplicity of operation, optical properties, high carrier mobility, stronger immobilization of receptors and biomolecules, electronic bridging playing important role in the highly selective and sensitive assessment of analyte. The designed BP nanostructures are mostly serving to accelerate the plasmon material signals followed by improved molecular sensing that may due to 40-times faster-sensing responses of BP nanostructure than reported 2 D nanomaterials. Therefore, the present review article sheds light on the latest significant advances in biological and toxic gas detection through 2D BP nanostructures based SPR sensors. In the future, this review will facilitate detailed insights into the development of BP-based groundbreaking frameworks for highly sensitive and selective recognition of biomolecules and environmental pollutants.
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) offers exceptional advantages such as label-free, in-situ and real-time measurement ability that facilitates the study of molecular or chemical binding events. ...Besides, SPR lacks in the detection of various binding events, particularly involving low molecular weight molecules. This drawback ultimately resulted in the development of several sensitivity enhancement methodologies and their application in the various area. Among graphene materials, graphene-based nanocomposites stands out owing to its significant properties such as strong adsorption of molecules, signal amplification by optical, high carrier mobility, electronic bridging, ease of fabrication and therefore, have established as an important sensitivity enhancement substrate for SPR. Also, graphene-based nanocomposites could amplify the signal generated by plasmon material and increase the sensitivity of molecular detection up to femto to atto molar level. This review focuses on the current important developments made in the potential research avenue of SPR and fiber optics based SPR for chemical and biological sensing. Latest trends and challenges in engineering and applications of graphene-based nanocomposites enhanced sensors for detecting minute and low concentration biological and chemical analytes are reviewed comprehensively. This review may aid in futuristic designing approaches and application of grapheneous sensor platforms for sensitive plasmonic nano-sensors.
Graphene nanocomposites based sensitivity enhancement methodologies for chemical and biological sensing. (a) oxidant and reducing gases sensing by oxygen atom of GO with surface reaction mechanism. (b) Protein binding interaction directly on GNC (grapheneous nanocomposites) surface. (c) Antigen: antibody (Ag:Ab) reaction of directly immobilized Ag:Ab on to GNC. (d) pi-pi stacking for planer structure. (e) Hydrogen or electrostatics attraction based binding (f) direct sensing of molecules (shown here for ammonia gas). Display omitted
•Presents graphene nanocomposite based SPR sensors.•Recent progresses in SPR signal enhancement by graphene nanocomposites has been overviewed.•Graphene nanocomposites based sensitivity enhancement methodologies for chemical and biological sensing is reviewed.•In this review, we discussed future trends and perspectives to lay down the future SPR based plasmonic nano-sensors.
Despite the indisputable benefits and advancement of science, technology, and civilization, early diagnosis of healthcare is still a challenging field for the scientific fraternity. The detection of ...biomarkers is a crucial attribute of prognosis and diagnosis of disease. Out of numerous techniques, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) bestows countless benefits, including
, label-free, and real-time assessment, etc., which authorizes the analysis of molecular binding occurrences between biotransducers and biomarkers. In addition, SPR with low-molecular-weight biomarkers lacks selectivity and sensitivity, which ultimately affects binding kinetics. This, in turn, leads to the remarkable development and implementation of numerous selectivity and sensitivity enhancement methods. Among the various noticeable strategies, because of selectivity and sensitivity enrichment substrate for SPR biosensors, affinity-based nanoarchitectured biotransducers stand out as being the best substitute. The present review elaborates significant advances made in the research based on affinity biotransducers for
diagnosis using SPR biosensors for biomarker sensing. Moreover, most recent trends and challenges in designing and application of nanoarchitectured affinity biotransducer-based SPR biosensors for detecting low-concentration biomarkers have been reviewed comprehensively. This present review may assist the scientific fraternity in designing an ultramodern novel SPR approach based on affinity biotransducers, along with improved selectivity and sensitivity of SPR biosensors for
and real-time diagnostic applications.
Green synthesized graphene quantum dots (GQD) have been doped with nitrogen in an attempt to boost their optical characteristics and application sectors. In the present investigation, the blue ...luminescent nitrogen-doped GQDs (N-GQDs) were synthesized by single-step hydrothermal synthesis using tamarind shell powder as a precursor. The particle size and zeta potential of N-GQDs were found to be 11.40 nm and be –35.53 mV, respectively. A quantum yield as high as 23.78 % was accomplished at an excitation wavelength of 330 nm at neutral pH. It gets quenched sensitively in the existence of uric acid (UA) combining static quenching, electron transfer, and an inner filter effect mechanism. A linear range was obtained for UA from 10 μM to 100 μM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 401.72 ± 0.04 pM. Additionally, the N-GQDs were selective toward UA in presence of metal ions and biomolecules that indicated its impending use to monitor UA in clinical samples. In conclusion, this work demonstrates that the N-GQDs as a sensing probe for UA recognition with notable advantages including socioeconomic, simple, and less time-consuming methods as compared to other methods. In the future, it can be potentially explored as a biosensor for UA detection in clinical samples.
Background
Microneedles (MNs) are the utmost unique, efficient, and minimally invasive inventions in the pharmaceutical field. Over the past decades, many scientists around the globe have reported ...MNs cautious because of their superb future in distinct areas. Concerning the wise use of MNs herein, we deal in depth with the present applications of MNs in drug delivery.
Main text
The present review comprises various fabrication materials and methods used for MN synthesis. The article also noted the distinctive advantages of these MNs, which holds huge potential for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. The role of MNs in serving as a platform to treat various ailments has been explained accompanied by unusual approaches. The review also inculcates the pharmacokinetics of MNs, which includes permeation, absorption, and bioavailability enhancement. Besides this, the in vitro/in vivo toxicity, biosafety, and marketed product of MNs have been reviewed. We have also discussed the clinical trials and patents on the pharmaceutical applications of MNs in brief.
Conclusion
To sum up, this article gives insight into the MNs and provides a recent advancement in MNs, which pave the pathway for future pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.
Graphical abstract
Pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of MNs
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) are expected to pose a significant challenge for both medicine and public health in the upcoming years due to global demographic changes. NDs are mainly represented ...by degeneration/loss of neurons, which is primarily accountable for severe mental illness. This neuronal degeneration leads to many neuropsychiatric problems and permanent disability in an individual. Moreover, the tight junction of the brain, blood-brain barrier (BBB)has a protective feature, functioning as a biological barrier that can prevent medicines, toxins, and foreign substances from entering the brain. However, delivering any medicinal agent to the brain in NDs (i.e., Multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, etc.) is enormously challenging. There are many approved therapies to address NDs, but most of them only help treat the associated manifestations. The available therapies have failed to control the progression of NDs due to certain factors, i.e., BBB and drug-associated undesirable effects. NDs have extremely complex pathology, with many pathogenic mechanisms involved in the initiation and progression; thereby, a limited survival rate has been observed in ND patients. Hence, understanding the exact mechanism behind NDs is crucial to developing alternative approaches for improving ND patients' survival rates. Thus, the present review sheds light on different cellular mechanisms involved in NDs and novel therapeutic approaches with their clinical relevance, which will assist researchers in developing alternate strategies to address the limitations of conventional ND therapies. The current work offers the scope into the near future to improve the therapeutic approach of NDs.
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•Advancement in nanotechnology is a boon for cellular repair in mental disorders.•Molecular mechanisms in NDs could augment mental illness therapies and research.•Clinical insights may improve understanding of limits and benefits of NDs therapies.
Lung cancer (LC) is heading up as a substantial cause of mortality worldwide. Despite enormous progress in cancer management, LC remains a crucial problem for oncologists due to the lack of early ...diagnosis and precise treatment. In this context, numerous early diagnosis and treatment approaches for LC at the cellular level have been developed using advanced nanomaterials in the last decades. Amongst this, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) as a novel fluorescent material overwhelmed the horizons of materials science and biomedical fields due to their multifunctional attributes. Considering the complex nature of LC, emerging diagnostic and therapeutic (Theranostics) strategies using GQDs proved to be an effective way for the current practice in LC. In this line, we have abridged various approaches used in the LC theranostics using GQDs and its surface-engineered motif. The admirable photophysical attributes of GQDs realised in photolytic therapy (PLT), hyperthermia therapy (HTT), and drug delivery have been discussed. Furthermore, we have engrossed the impasse and its effects on the use of GQDs in cancer treatments from cellular level (in vivo-in vitro) to clinical. Inclusively, this review will be an embodiment for the scientific fraternity to design and magnify their view for the theranostic application of GQDs in LC treatment.
Background
Citric acid (CA) is a universal plant and animal-metabolism intermediate. It is a commodity chemical processed and widely used around the world as an excellent pharmaceutical excipient. ...Notably, CA is offering assorted significant properties viz. biodegradability, biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, safety, etc. Therefore, CA is broadly employed in many sectors including foodstuffs, beverages, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics as a flavoring agent, sequestering agent, buffering agent, etc. From the beginning, CA is a regular ingredient for cosmetic pH-adjustment and as a metallic ion chelator in antioxidant systems. In addition, it is used to improve the taste of pharmaceuticals such as syrups, solutions, elixirs, etc. Furthermore, free CA is also employed as an acidulant in mild astringent preparations.
Main text
In essence, it is estimated that the functionality present in CA provides excellent assets in pharmaceutical applications such as cross-linking, release-modifying capacity, interaction with molecules, capping and coating agent, branched polymer nanoconjugates, gas generating agent, etc. Mainly, the center of attention of the review is to deliver an impression of the CA-based pharmaceutical applications.
Conclusion
In conclusion, CA is reconnoitered for multiple novels pharmaceutical and biomedical/applications including as a green crosslinker, release modifier, monomer/branched polymer, capping and coating agent, novel disintegrant, absorption enhancer, etc. In the future, CA can be utilized as an excellent substitute for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.
Graphical abstract
From its inception, an astonishing movement has been made in the architecture and fabrication of a fresh category of nanostructured material acknowledged as luminescent metal–organic frameworks ...(MOFs). Luminescent MOFs are self-assembled nanostructure by coordinating suitable metal cations or clusters and ideal organic linkers, which exhibited an abundance of merits for sensing of interest of analytes, such as chemicals, metal ions, biomarkers, etc. Herein, tunable surface morphology and diverse functionality of luminescent MOFs offer high sensitivity, high selectivity, good stability, recyclability, real-time applicability, etc. Additionally, the accessible porosity and luminescence property of nanostructured MOFs provides the transducing potential from host–guest chemistry to recognizable improvement in nanosize MOFs luminescence. Therefore, in this review article, we have summarized the nanostructured design of MOFs-based luminescent sensors for chemical and metal ions sensing. At first, the requirement of monitoring of chemical residues and metal ions exposure has been discussed that demonstrates the topical necessity for the chemical and metal ions recognition. Afterward, the current trends of MOFs-centered sensors, synthesis types, and their properties have been elaborated in brief. It revealed that several theoretical sensing mechanisms, such as electron transfer, energy transfer, ligand interaction, overlapping effect, oscillation effect, inner filter effect, decomposition, etc., are accountable for sensing of metal ions and chemical residues. The applications of nano-architectured MOFs-based luminescent sensors for chemical as well as metal ions sensing have been illustrated, which exhibit the lowest detection limit (μM–nM) for both metal ions and chemicals. Interestingly, the nanostructured MOFs relied on luminescent sensors that exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity for the chemical and metal ions in presence of diverse interfering substances. Surface functionality presented on the surface of nano-size MOFs, types of ligands, and selected metal ions provides precise recognition of real-time samples containing metal ions and chemicals. On the whole, the nanostructured design of a MOFs-based luminescent sensor will release a fresh preference for sensing of a target analyte.
Graphical abstract
Nanostructured metal-organic frameworks based luminescent sensor for chemical and metal ions sensing
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