This article is part of a project to adapt the editorial charter for the Spanish market developed by a major French automobile group. As a prescriptive corporate document of language and rhetoric ...elements of a specific language and linguistic system aimed at creating an identity discourse, this discursive genre resists translation or even adaptation. How can we adapt from one language to another documents that are purely linguistic and stylistic, and that create a rhetorical system and discursive practices common to all languages and identities? The prescriptive objective of the assignment involves reflection on the very concepts of intercultural communication, strategies and even management; and more broadly, on the prescriptive function of language, its translation or adaptation. Therefore, the intercultural issue is at the heart of the adaptation, as it questions the text of the charter not only in its social and cultural metaexistence, outside its drafting context, but also and above all, in its ability to produce the same prescription with the same linguistic and rhetorical tools. The issues at stake are thus beyond translation. On the basis of an example of the charter that we have adapted, we will demonstrate that adaptation as linguistic adaptation here becomes a narrated and contrasting reflection on the stated stylistic and rhetorical processes; we will show that this type of adaptation is similar to a translational storytelling that we will present as a technique that falls within a metatraduction process.
Cet article s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un travail d’adaptation de la charte rédactionnelle pour le marché espagnol d’un grand groupe automobile français. Document d’entreprise prescriptif d’éléments de langage et de rhétorique propre à une langue et à un système linguistique ayant pour objet la création d’un discours identitaire, ce genre discursif résiste à la traduction voire à l’adaptation.Comment adapter en effet d’une langue à l’autre des documents purement linguistiques et stylistiques créateurs de système rhétorique et de pratiques discursives communes et identitaires ? L’objectif prescriptif de la tâche engage une réflexion autour des concepts mêmes de communication, de stratégies voire de management interculturels ; et de façon plus large, autour de la fonction prescriptrice du langage, de sa traduction ou de son adaptation.L’enjeu interculturel est par conséquent au centre de l’adaptation qui interroge le texte de la charte non seulement dans sa métaexistence sociale, culturelle, hors de son contexte de rédaction, mais l’envisage, également et surtout, dans sa capacité à produire la même prescription avec les mêmes outils linguistiques et rhétoriques. Les enjeux résident donc dans un au-delà de la traduction.En nous appuyant sur l’exemple concret de la charte que nous avons adaptée, nous montrerons que l’adaptation en tant que médiation linguistique peut être analysée comme un commentaire de l’objet textuel identitaire et culturel que constitue une charte. L’adaptation devient ici une réflexion narrativisée et constrastive des procédés stylistiques et rhétoriques énoncés ; nous montrerons que ce type d’adaptation s’assimile à un storytelling traductologique que nous poserons comme une technique relevant d’un processus de métatraduction.
Understanding the prevalence and polymorphism of antibiotic resistance genes in soil bacteria and their potential to be transferred horizontally is required to evaluate the likelihood and ecological ...(and possibly clinical) consequences of the transfer of these genes from transgenic plants to soil bacteria. In this study, we combined culture-dependent and -independent approaches to study the prevalence and diversity of bla genes in soil bacteria and the potential impact that a 10-successive-year culture of the transgenic Bt176 corn, which has a blaTEM marker gene, could have had on the soil bacterial community. The bla gene encoding resistance to ampicillin belongs to the beta-lactam antibiotic family, which is widely used in medicine but is readily compromised by bacterial antibiotic resistance. Our results indicate that soil bacteria are naturally resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactam antibiotics, including the third cephalosporin generation, which has a slightly stronger discriminating effect on soil isolates than other cephalosporins. These high resistance levels for a wide range of antibiotics are partly due to the polymorphism of bla genes, which occur frequently among soil bacteria. The blaTEM116 gene of the transgenic corn Bt176 investigated here is among those frequently found, thus reducing any risk of introducing a new bacterial resistance trait from the transgenic material. In addition, no significant differences were observed in bacterial antibiotic-resistance levels between transgenic and nontransgenic corn fields, although the bacterial populations were different.
In the marine coastal environment, freshwater and seawater coalescing communities are facing a complex set of abiotic and biotic cross-influences. This study aimed at evaluating the respective ...influences of blending and prokaryotic dynamics on community structure. For that, the surface salinity gradient of a nutrient-rich estuary (Arno River, Mediterranean Sea, Italy) was sampled at regular salinity intervals. When considering the whole length of the estuary and community-scale beta diversity metrics, a relatively smooth transition from freshwater to the sea was observed. Abiotic variability associated with salinity was the predominant constraint on the community structure, and the distribution of most taxa reflected their blending. However, while most of the dissolved substances enriched in freshwater experienced progressive dilution with seawater, heterotrophic prokaryotes demonstrated an important growth at intermediate salinity, interpreted as a heterotrophic assimilation of freshwater inputs by a few opportunistic marine taxa. The distribution of a number of taxa was significantly affected by variations in heterotrophic prokaryotes abundance, suggesting a putative influence of competitive interactions at intermediate salinities. A succession of different bacterial winners was observed from upstream to downstream, as well as losers represented by freshwater copiotrophs accompanied by some marine oligotrophs. Hence, coalescence drove a localized but major functional response of heterotrophic bacteria at intermediate salinity, hidden behind a majority of passively mixed bacterial taxa. This work paves the way for a stronger consideration of the trophic requirements of bacterial taxa to better understand community assembly in estuaries.
We characterized operons encoding enzymes involved in denitrification, a nitrogen-cycling process involved in nitrogen losses and greenhouse gas emission, using a metagenomic approach which combines ...molecular screening and pyrosequencing. Screening of 77,000 clones from a soil metagenomic library led to the identification and the subsequent characterization of nine denitrification gene clusters.
Anestesia en tumores supratentoriales Rocío Rodríguez Contreras; A Vega Salvador; Elisabeth Reche Navarro ...
Revista Electrónica de AnestesiaR,
06/2023, Letnik:
15, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Los tumores supratentoriales (TS) son los tumores primarios más frecuentes del sistema nervioso central. Su manejo anestésico exige un profundo conocimiento de la fisiología cerebral y debe ir ...enfocado a mantener una adecuada perfusión cerebral, evitar agresiones cerebrales secundarias, favorecer unas condiciones quirúrgicas óptimas a través del control de la presión intracraneal, lograr una adecuada neuromonitorización y facilitar un despertar rápido y suave que permita, en ausencia de complicaciones, una evaluación neurológica precoz. El manejo adecuado de estos pilares tendrá un impacto directo en el resultado neuroquirúrgico y en el pronóstico del paciente tras la resección. El objetivo de esta revisión es proporcionar un resumen actualizado de la evidencia y conocimientos que debe poseer un anestesiólogo en el manejo de la craneotomía de TS. Para llevar a cabo este documento, se ha realizado una búsqueda no sistemática de la literatura en las bases de datos PubMed y Cochrane en los últimos veinte años, con fecha de actualización abril 2022, utilizando las palabras clave “anesthesia” “supratentorial brain tumor” “supratentorial craniotomy” “brain bulk”.
Supratentorial brain tumors (STBs) are the most common primary central nervous system tumors. Anesthesia for SBTs requires an understanding of the cerebral physiology and should focus on maintaining cerebral perfusión pressure, avoding secondary insults to the brain, providing an optimal operative scenario through the control of the intracranial pressure, facilitating the electrophysiological monitoring and favoring a rapid and smooth emergence that allows an early neurological evaluation if no complications are present. The correct management of these goals will impact the neurosurgical outcome and patient’s prognosis after de SBT resection. The purpose of this review is to provide an updated summary of the evidence and give the anesthesiologist the knowledge to perform a supratentorial craniotomy. To make this review, a non-systematic search was performed in PubMed and Cochrane Databases for the last twenty years, with an update of April 2022 and using the following keywords “anesthesia” “supratentorial brain tumor” “supratentorial craniotomy” and “brain bulk”.
Summary
The microarray approach has been proposed for high throughput analysis of the microbial community by providing snapshots of the microbial diversity under different environmental conditions. ...For this purpose, a prototype of a 16S rRNA‐based taxonomic microarray was developed and evaluated for assessing bacterial community diversity. The prototype microarray is composed of 122 probes that target bacteria at various taxonomic levels from phyla to species (mostly Alphaproteobacteria). The prototype microarray was first validated using bacteria in pure culture. Differences in the sequences of probes and potential target DNAs were quantified as weighted mismatches (WMM) in order to evaluate hybridization reliability. As a general feature, probes having a WMM > 2 with target DNA displayed only 2.8% false positives. The prototype microarray was subsequently tested with an environmental sample, which consisted of an Agrobacterium‐related polymerase chain reaction amplicon from a maize rhizosphere bacterial community. Microarray results were compared to results obtained by cloning‐sequencing with the same DNA. Microarray analysis enabled the detection of all 16S rRNA gene sequences found by cloning‐sequencing. Sequences representing only 1.7% of the clone library were detected. In conclusion, this prototype 16S rRNA‐based taxonomic microarray appears to be a promising tool for the analysis of Alphaproteobacteria in complex ecosystems.
The aims of this work were firstly to study the effect of heavy metal-polluted soils from Tunisian mine on earthworm biochemical biomarkers and on bacterial communities and therefore to analyze the ...interaction between earth worms and bacterial communities in these contaminated soils. For this purpose, we had introduced earthworm
Eisenia andrei
in six soils: one from mine spoils and five from agricultural soils, establishing a gradient of contamination. The response of worms to the presence of heavy metal was analyzed at the biochemical and transcriptional levels. In a second time, the impact of worm on bacterial community structure was investigated using automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) fingerprinting. An impact of heavy metal-contaminated soils on the oxidative status of
E. andrei
was observed, but this effect was dependent of the level of heavy metal contamination. Moreover, our results demonstrate that the introduction of earthworms
E. andrei
has an impact on bacterial community; however, the major change was observed in the less contaminated site. Furthermore, a significant correlation between earthworm oxidative status biomarkers and bacterial community structure was observed, mainly in the mine spoils. Therefore, we contribute to a better understanding of the relationships between epigenic earthworms and bacterial communities in heavy metal-contaminated soils.
Summary
Adaptation to nickel of bacterial communities of two extreme neocaledonian soils (an ultramafic soil and an acidic soil) was investigated by nickel spiking and compared with adaptation in a ...non‐neocaledonian soil used as reference. Soil microcosms were amended with nickel chloride (NiCl2), and bacterial community structure was analysed with the ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (RISA) technique. Then, bacterial populations that respond to nickel stress were identified by cloning and sequencing. In the ultramafic soil, a shift occurred on day zero on the assay profiles and consisted of the emergence of a bacterial group closely related to the Ralstonia/Oxalobacter/Burkholderia group. It is hypothesized that NiCl2 had a physico‐chemical impact on soil structure. Fourteen days after nickel spiking, another shift occurred in the two soils that concerned a bacterial group belonging to the Actinomycete group. Only a few changes occurred in the bacterial community structure of the neocaledonian soils compared with those of the reference soil, which is more affected by nickel spiking. These results suggest that neocaledonian soil bacteria are particularly well adapted to nickel.
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