Introducción: La comunicación institucional de la Unión Europea se enfrenta a varios desafíos. Esta investigación abordará las implicaciones prácticas de esta comunicación en sus países miembros. ...Objetivos. Analizar cómo la Comisión y el Parlamento Europeo aspiran a impactar políticamente sobre las nuevas audiencias a través de las redes sociales. Metodologías. Combinando un análisis de contenido cualitativo y cuantitativo, serán analizados tres casos de estudio. Se explicará cómo las oficinas de la UE en Reino Unido, España y Alemania usan la red social Twitter como una plataforma decisiva para gestionar y distribuir la información, así como para impactar sobre su consumo e involucrar a las opiniones públicas nacionales europeas. Conclusión. Se argumenta que las instituciones europeas deben encontrar nuevas narrativas y las redes sociales parecen ser las herramientas más efectivas a la hora de interactuar con las audiencias más jóvenes debido a su capacidad de reducir barreras psicológicas y geográficas.
Coasts and their marine biota are exposed to major environmental heterogeneity as a consequence of natural drivers and anthropogenic stressors. Here, individuals of the mussel Perumytilus purpuratus ...from two different geographical populations exposed to contrasting environmental conditions (i.e. estuarine versus open coastal conditions) were used in a reciprocal transplant and a laboratory experiment with the aim of determining the grade of of local adaptation to their native sites, as well as their sensibility to ocean acidification. After characterizing environmentally the coastal habitats, a set of life-history traits and a phenotypic plasticity index were determined for both mussel populations. From the reciprocal transplant experiment, we observed that mussels originally coming from the estuarine habitat exhibited a distinctive performance pattern usually associated with physiological stress (i.e. higher metabolic rates, lower calcification and growth rates) leading to important physiological trade-offs and higher levels of phenotypic plasticity. Alternatively, mussels originating from the open coastal site showed lower physiological phenotypic plasticity suggesting a high grade of local adaptation to their habitat. In addition, both populations responded very similarly to lower pH conditions (i.e. increased metabolic rates with no important effects on growth and calcification, and lower physiological phenotypic plasticity). The study results indicated that overall estuarine conditions more than isolated pH changes would be modulating the performance and the level of phenotypic plasticity of the two P. purpuratus geographical populations studied. Our study also emphasizes the necessity of characterizing phenotypic plasticity under multiple-driver environments to cast more accurate predictions about the susceptibility of marine biota to future climate stressors such as ocean acidification.
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•Living under estuarine conditions causes physiological stress.•Estuarine conditions more than pH modulated the mussel performance and phenotypic plasticity.•Environmental variability of the habitat determines the phenotypic plasticity.•Environmental conditions of native habitats define the sensibility to climate change stressors.
Following on from the Annual Fish Veterinary Society Conference, this symposium was organised with the Laboratory Animal Science Association and brought together experts from ornamental (pond and ...aquarium) fish practice, aquaculture and aquatic-research facilities to discuss good practice of anaesthesia. This proceedings paper gives an overview of relevant experiences involving a range of immersion drugs including tricaine, benzocaine and isoeugenol, as well as a summary of the main topics of discussion. While fish anaesthesia is commonplace, administration methods, drugs and monitoring procedures may often be regarded as antiquated when compared with mammalian practice. These limitations notwithstanding, individual fish will benefit from good anaesthetic monitoring. Although the most common anaesthetic drugs may be perceived as equally efficacious and therefore interchangeable for different settings, challenges are different for the anaesthesia of grouped fish, when determining species-dependent anaesthetic dosing in a multi-species tank, or adapting to farming requirements, nationally licensed products, costs and withdrawal periods. The fish anaesthetic arsenal fails to address premedication, analgesia and issues of averseness. The two latter factors should be part of the evaluation of anaesthetic protocols; therefore, instructions for the analgesic provision of lidocaine to fin clipped zebrafish are proposed. Euthanasia practices could sometimes be refined too. Alternative physical methods such as electrical stunning are options to be considered.
La desinformación es uno de los grandes desafíos para Europa. En los últimos años, el continente europeo en general y la Unión Europea (UE) en particular vienen sufriendo diferentes campañas ...desinformativas: como la que llevó a Reino Unido a la salida de la UE; la doble pandemia sanitaria y desinformativa; o la estrategia híbrida de propaganda tras la invasión rusa en Ucrania. En dicho contexto, el fallecimiento de la reina Isabel II de Inglaterra también ha estado marcado por prácticas desinformadoras viralizadas por toda Europa. Ante ello, esta investigación pretende ahondar en la naturaleza de la desinformación relativa al fallecimiento de la monarca en tres países europeos, España, Reino Unido y Francia, entre el 8 y el 22 de septiembre de 2022. Para ello, se ha llevado a cabo una triangulación metodológica basada en un análisis de contenido de 76 publicaciones completas de medios de verificación, así como en encuestas de respuesta abierta a agentes especializados. Los resultados apuntan a que las redes sociales se constituyeron como la principal plataforma por la que se difundieron contenidos desinformativos. Dichos bulos, que incluyeron imágenes mayoritariamente, respondieron eminentemente a la tipología de contenidos engañosos y fabricados establecida por Wardle (2017). Asimismo, la temática principal de los bulos viralizados versaba sobre teorías de la conspiración, con Isabel II como gran protagonista de estas. Por otra parte, la frecuencia de difusión de los bulos fue significativamente mayor durante la primera semana tras el fallecimiento de la monarca, y respondió a una tendencia transnacional en la que la diseminación desinformativa se adaptó a los contextos nacionales.
Ostrea chilensis (a flat oyster) is native to Chile and New Zealand. In Chile, this oyster has been cultured and harvested for at least 80 years. However, the culture of flat oysters has not ...developed like other aquaculture activities in Chile, mainly due to the inefficiency of the collectors (made of ribbed mussel shells) and the lack of spats produced. The objective of this study was to determine the capacity of spat collectors for the settlement of O. chilensis. For this purpose, field and laboratory experiments were carried out. Our results indicated that oyster larvae do not have a preference for either side of the shell (periostracum or nacreous) to settle on. However, after one year of growth in the field, juveniles were more abundant on the nacreous side of the shell (spat collector). Also, the oysters that settled on the nacreous side of the valve were larger. This was due to the fact that the periostracum had a greater number of epibionts, and they competed for space and resources with the settled oyster spats, causing a decrease in the abundance of oyster spats on that surface. Our findings raise the possibility that collectors could improve efficiency in the production of spats. Finally, we discuss the implications of these results for the Chilean oyster-farming industry.
An important issue related to code biology concerns the cell’s informational relationships with the environment. As an open self-producing system, a great variety of inputs and outputs are necessary ...for the living cell, not only consisting of matter and energy but also involving information flows. The analysis here of the simplest cells will involve two basic aspects. On the one side, the molecular apparatuses of the prokaryotic signaling system, with all its variety of environmental signals and component pathways (which have been called 1–2-3 Component Systems), including the role of a few second messengers which have been pointed out in bacteria too. And in the other side, the gene transcription system as depending not only on signaling inputs but also on a diversity of factors. Amidst the continuum of energy, matter, and information flows, there seems to be evidence for signaling codes, mostly established around the arrangement of life-cycle stages, in large metabolic changes, or in the relationships with conspecifics (quorum sensing) and within microbial ecosystems. Additionally, and considering the complexity growth of signaling systems from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, four avenues or “roots” for the advancement of such complexity would come out. A comparative will be established in between the signaling strategies and organization of both kinds of cellular systems. Finally, a new characterization of “informational architectures” will be proposed in order to explain the coding spectrum of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic signaling systems. Among other evolutionary aspects, cellular strategies for the construction of novel functional codes via the intermixing of informational architectures could be related to the persistence of retro-elements with obvious viral ancestry.
Lipoprotein(a) (Lpa) is an emerging risk factor for incident ischemic heart disease. However, its role in risk stratification in in-hospital survivors to an index acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is ...scarcer, especially for predicting the risk of long-term recurrent AMI. We aimed to assess the relation between Lp(a) and very long-term recurrent AMI after an index episode of AMI. It is a retrospective analysis that included 1,223 consecutive patients with an AMI discharged from October 2000 to June 2003 in a single-teaching center. Lp(a) was assessed during index admission in all cases. The relation between Lp(a) at discharge and total recurrent AMI was evaluated through negative binomial regression. The mean age of the patients was 67.0 ± 12.3 years, 379 (31.0%) were women, and 394 (32.2%) were diabetic. The index event was more frequently non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (66.0%). The median Lp(a) was 28.8 (11.8 to 63.4) mg/100 ml. During a median follow-up of 9.9 (4.6 to 15.5) years, 813 (66.6%) deaths and 1,205 AMI in 532 patients (43.5%) occurred. Lp(a) values were not associated with an increased risk of long-term all-cause mortality (p = 0.934). However, they were positively and nonlinearly associated with an increased risk of total long-term reinfarction (p = 0.016). In the subgroup analysis, there was no evidence of a differential effect for the most prevalent subgroups. In conclusion, after an AMI, elevated Lp(a) values assessed during hospitalization were associated with an increased risk of recurrent reinfarction in the very long term. Further prospective studies are warranted to evaluate their clinical implications.
El 17 de abril de 2018, el presidente francés Emmanuel Macron en el Pleno del Parlamento Europeo en Estrasburgo, apeló al “renacimiento de la soberanía europea”. Este artículo analiza las funciones ...atribuidas a la red social preferida para el debate y la discusión política: Twitter. Atiende a la distribución de la información, el impacto de la propia red social en la modificación de la agenda pública, la personalización de la transmisión del discurso político en redes sociales, así como los nuevos hábitos de consumo de discursos políticos, específicamente en el contexto de Twitter. Los resultados muestran que: 1) los corresponsales tienen impacto en una fase descriptiva hacia las audiencias nacionales pero menos en el incipiente espacio transnacional donde otros activistas pueden lanzar mensajes directamente a sus audiencias; 2) la falta de una estrategia comunicativa común de las instituciones de la UE, les hizo fracasar al intentar establecer la agenda setting a través de hashtags sin éxito; 3) Macron es un actor político transnacional en Europa, cuya personalización política le hace capaz de comunicar a través de espacios públicos fragmentados; 4) El contenido de los mensajes pasa muy rápidamente de una aproximación descriptiva a una de creación de marcos.
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