The dura mater, as the crucial outermost protective layer of the meninges, plays a vital role in safeguarding the underlying brain tissue. Neurosurgeons face significant challenges in dealing with ...trauma or large defects in the dura mater, as they must address the potential complications, such as wound infections, pseudomeningocele formation, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, and cerebral herniation. Therefore, the development of dural substitutes for repairing or reconstructing the damaged dura mater holds clinical significance. In this review we highlight the progress in the development of dural substitutes, encompassing autologous, allogeneic, and xenogeneic replacements, as well as the polymeric-based dural substitutes fabricated through various scaffolding techniques. In particular, we explore the development of composite materials that exhibit improved physical and biological properties for advanced dural substitutes. Furthermore, we address the challenges and prospects associated with developing clinically relevant alternatives to the dura mater.
The present investigation was carried out on in vitro mass multiplication, larval feeding capacity, and pollination efficiency of two aphidophagous syrphids
viz.
,
Eupeodes frequens
(Matsmura) and
...Episyrphus balteatus
(De Geer) (Diptera: Syrphidae) on cabbage aphid (
Brevicoryne brassicae
L.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on mustard crop under mid hill conditions. The results revealed that the incubation, larval, and pupal periods were 3.5, 12.4, and 11.9 days, respectively for
E. frequens
and 3.8, 13.7, and 8.8 days, for
E. balteatus
. Longevity of male and female was 15.2 and 17.6 days for
E. frequens
and 10.6 and 12.6 days for
E. balteatus
, respectively. When the adults were fed on different diets, adult longevity and fecundity recorded significantly maximum on 10% honey solution + fresh pollen grains.
E. frequens
consumed an average of 261.7 individuals of cabbage aphids per larva during total larval period, whereas the larva of
E. balteatus
consumed 393.6 cabbage aphids. The pollination efficiency of hoverflies on Indian mustard (
Brassica juncea
L.) was studied under caged conditions. It was observed that the plants pollinated by
E. balteatus
and
E. frequens
showed 55.12 and 52.97% seed set. Among the different diets, fresh pollen grains + 10% honey solutions recorded to be the best diet for mass rearing of syrphids.
(1) Background: Hyperphosphatemia is correlated with an increased rate of mortality and morbidity due to cardiovascular diseases in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. It can be improved by ...restricting dietary intake of phosphate and oral phosphate binders, such as lanthanum carbonate and sevelamer carbonate. (2) Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of sevelamer carbonate in comparison to lanthanum carbonate as phosphate binders for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in CKD patients. (3) Methods: A randomized control comparative clinical study was conducted for one year on 150 CKD patients associated with hyperphosphatemia, divided into two groups, i.e., Group 1 (
= 75) treated with sevelamer carbonate 800 mg thrice daily and Group 2 (
= 75) treated with lanthanum carbonate 500 mg thrice daily. The patients were assessed at the time of enrollment in the study, after three months and after six months from baseline for different parameters, i.e., complete blood count, liver function tests, renal function tests, electrolytes, and serum phosphate level. (4) Results: 150 CKD patients aged 51-60 participated in the study. The mean age of patients was 54 ± 4.6 years, and males (55.71%) were more common than females (44.29%). Hypertension was the common comorbidity in both groups with chronic kidney disease. After six months of treatment, the mean serum phosphate level was significantly decreased from 8.31 ± 0.09 mg/dL to 5.11 ± 0.18 (38%) in Group 1 and from 8.79 ± 0.28 mg/dl to 4.02 ± 0.12 (54%;
< 0.05) in Group 2, respectively. In both groups, no significant difference was found in other parameters such as parathyroid hormone, calcium, uric acid, LFT, RFT, CBC, etc. (5) Conclusion: Lanthanum carbonate is more efficacious in lowering serum phosphate concentrations and effectively managing hyperphosphatemia as compared to sevelamer carbonate.
Background: Digital imaging has the potential to improve diagnostic accuracy and make quantitative diagnoses. In the recent decades, software for radiographic analysis has been investigated and ...developed for the detection of lesions and the quantitative assessment of the depth of a caries lesion. In addition, the accuracy of diagnosis may also be enhanced by programs that filter the images. These programs can adjust the brightness and contrast, determine the gray level, invert the shades of gray, and apply pseudocolors. Few studies compared different types of digital images in the diagnosis of changes in the tooth crown. Aim: The main aim of this study was to assess the the diagnostic accuracy of a direct digital radiography (DDR)-CMOS image with four types of filtered images for the detection of occlusal caries. Materials and Methods: Fifty randomly selected patients' teeth were clinically examined and digitally radiographed. Radiographed images are converted into four filter images with the help of software. Filtered images were then selected for inter- and intraobserver examination and the result was subjected to statistical analysis. Conclusion: DDR-CMOS and negative image were found to be more useful in diagnosing occlusal caries.
Due to an increase in the number of internet users, electronic commerce has grown significantly during the last decade. Electronic auction (e-auction) is one of the famous e-commerce applications. ...Even so, security and robustness of e-auction schemes still remain a challenge. Requirements like anonymity and privacy of the b i d value are under threat from the attackers. Any auction protocol must not leak the anonymity and the privacy of the b i d value of an honest Bidder. Keeping these requirements in mind, we have firstly proposed a controlled traceable blind signature scheme (CTBSS) because e-auction schemes should be able to trace the Bidders. Using CTBSS, a blind sealed-bid electronic auction scheme is proposed (BSEA). We have incorporated the notion of blind signature to e-auction schemes. Moreover, both the schemes are based upon elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), which provides a similar level of security with a comparatively smaller key size than the discrete logarithm problem (DLP) based e-auction protocols. The analysis shows that BSEA fulfills all the requirements of e-auction protocol, and the total computation overhead is lower than the existing schemes.
Designing a strategy for encasing enzymes and nanozymes in microreactors with spatial confinement in a way to improve the selectivity and activity of nanozymes is an exciting goal. In the present ...work, we report a facile route to encapsulate glucose oxidase (GOx) and poly(ethylenimine) (PEI)-conjugated magnetite nanoparticles (Fe
O
-PEI) in the hollow interior of hybrid microreactors. The microreactors are prepared by polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH)-mediated silica (SiO
) nanoparticle assembly on calcium carbonate (CaCO
) particles as a removable core. By tuning both shape and phase (vaterite/calcite and pure calcite) of CaCO
, it allows generation of GOx and Fe
O
-PEI-encapsulated silica hollow microspheres (GOx-Fe
O
@SHS) and microcubes (GOx-Fe
O
@SHC). As observed, in a biomimetic cascade catalysis, the confined GOx in the microreactors is able to catalyze oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide (H
O
), followed by the activation of H
O
by Fe
O
-PEI for the oxidation of the chromogenic substrate
-phenylenediamine (oPD) to 2,3-diaminophenazine. Comparison of the peroxidase-like activity of the encapsulated Fe
O
-PEI shows that the hollow microspheres (GOx-Fe
O
@SHS) result in activity 14 times higher than that of the hollow microcubes (GOx-Fe
O
@SHC), which in turn is corroborated to the differential loading capacity of GOx in microspheres and microcubes. The evaluation of kinetic parameters indicates a fivefold increase in the catalytic constant (
) of Fe
O
-PEI confined in hollow microspheres (GOx-Fe
O
@SHS) compared to the mixture comprising free GOx and Fe
O
-PEI in solution. It suggests that the confined space in the microreactors allows the tandem reactions of GOx and Fe
O
-PEI to take place in close proximity, leading to an improved overall activity. This indeed is seen in the
obtained for Fe
O
@SHS (GOx added externally during the assay), which is 14 times lower than that of GOx-Fe
O
@SHS.
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a membrane barrier considered one of the most crucial protective architectures in the central nervous system (CNS). Its presence acts as a hurdle due to which most ...brain-targeted drug delivery systems (DDS) lose their therapeutic efficacy. Various strategies have been developed recently to assist drugs to cross the BBB. Nanoparticle (NP)-mediated DDS has emerged as an effective non-invasive tool for treating brain diseases, including cancer. NPs are considered an effective DDS, which can mediate the delivery of drugs even to deep-seated regions in the brain. NPs protect the therapeutic agents by encapsulating them and ensuring they reach the target site without metabolic degradation. This review will explore BBB's structural and functional aspects, including physiological mechanisms governing its penetration and various pathological modifications. Such insights are critical in formulating innovative strategies for successfully targeting damaged regions. Once the drug crosses BBB, its concentration, metabolic decomposition, and BBB's structure hold significance. Also, the different designed NP systems exploited for drug delivery to the brain have been extensively reviewed. This review forebodes the importance of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in developing personalized therapies.
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•Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) is one of the most essential protection mechanisms in the central nervous system.•Nanoparticles-based drug delivery is showing a safe and efficient way to treat neurological disorders.•Nanoparticles can cross the blood-brain barrier and alter the endothelial cell membrane permeability in the brain.•CRISPR/Cas9 and SNP-based tailored therapeutics hold great promise for extending the lives of those suffering from neurodegenerative diseases.
High risk patients with perforated peptic ulcer, where both the surgeon and anaesthetist are hesitant to operate, were managed by combined conservative management and bilateral percutaneous ...peritoneal drainage under local anaesthesia as a damage control approach; followed by either definitive surgery or omental patch closure. Here we study the management outcome in terms of morbidity & mortality of such patients.
A prospective study of 60 patients presenting to VSSIMSAR, Burla was done between Feb 2018 and Jan 2020. Study population includes patients with perforated peptic ulcer confirmed by pneumo-peritoneum in X-ray and bilious peritoneal tap; with high peri-operative risk (PULP score 8-18). They were managed by combined conservative management and bilateral percutaneous peritoneal drainage under local anaesthesia. The outcome in terms of improved general condition and definitive/ omental patch closure, morbidity and mortality rates were noted.
After risk stratification according to PULP score, total number of high-riskcases (PULP score >8) were 60 (male-39, female-21); Majority of them were elderly (90%). Most common complication was ARDS (28.3%). Maximum number of patients (75%) were improved by the damage control approach without significant complications and offered exploratory laparotomy & needful. Localised abscess were observed in around 13.33% patients; which were managed by image guided aspiration under antibiotic coverage. The overall mortality rate was 11.67%.
Combined conservative management and percutaneous peritoneal drainage as damage control, which can be done in resource limited centre; followed by either definitive surgery or omental patch closure is associated with reduced mortality.
The present investigation was carried out on in vitro mass multiplication, larval feeding capacity, and pollination efficiency of two aphidophagous syrphids viz., Eupeodes frequens (Matsmura) and ...Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer) (Diptera: Syrphidae) on cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on mustard crop under mid hill conditions. The results revealed that the incubation, larval, and pupal periods were 3.5, 12.4, and 11.9 days, respectively for E. frequens and 3.8, 13.7, and 8.8 days, for E. balteatus. Longevity of male and female was 15.2 and 17.6 days for E. frequens and 10.6 and 12.6 days for E. balteatus, respectively. When the adults were fed on different diets, adult longevity and fecundity recorded significantly maximum on 10% honey solution + fresh pollen grains. E. frequens consumed an average of 261.7 individuals of cabbage aphids per larva during total larval period, whereas the larva of E. balteatus consumed 393.6 cabbage aphids. The pollination efficiency of hoverflies on Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) was studied under caged conditions. It was observed that the plants pollinated by E. balteatus and E. frequens showed 55.12 and 52.97% seed set. Among the different diets, fresh pollen grains + 10% honey solutions recorded to be the best diet for mass rearing of syrphids.
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