To communicate effectively, people must have a reasonably accurate idea about what specific other people know. An obvious starting point for building a model of what another knows is what one oneself ...knows, or thinks one knows. This article reviews evidence that people impute their own knowledge to others and that, although this serves them well in general, they often do so uncritically, with the result of erroneously assuming that other people have the same knowledge. Overimputation of one's own knowledge can contribute to communication difficulties. Corrective approaches are considered. A conceptualization of where own-knowledge imputation fits in the process of developing models of other people's knowledge is proposed.
Null hypothesis
significance testing (NHST) is arguably the most widely used approach to hypothesis
evaluation among behavioral and social scientists. It is also very controversial. A major
concern ...expressed by critics is that such testing is misunderstood by many of those who
use it. Several other objections to its use have also been raised. In this article the
author reviews and comments on the claimed misunderstandings as well as on other
criticisms of the approach, and he notes arguments that have been advanced in support of
NHST. Alternatives and supplements to NHST are considered, as are several related
recommendations regarding the interpretation of experimental data. The concluding opinion
is that NHST is easily misunderstood and misused but that when applied with good judgment
it can be an effective aid to the interpretation of experimental data.
Signaling mucins are cell adhesion molecules that activate RAS/RHO guanosine triphosphatases and their effector mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. We found that the Saccharomyces ...cerevisiae mucin Msb2p, which functions at the head of the Cdc42p-dependent MAPK pathway that controls filamentous growth, is processed into secreted and cell-associated forms. Cleavage of the extracellular inhibitory domain of Msb2p by the aspartyl protease Yps1p generated the active form of the protein by a mechanism incorporating cellular nutritional status. Activated Msb2p functioned through the tetraspan protein Sho1p to induce MAPK activation as well as cell polarization, which involved the Cdc42p guanine nucleotide exchange factor Cdc24p. We postulate that cleavage-dependent activation is a general feature of signaling mucins, which brings to light a novel regulatory aspect of this class of signaling adhesion molecule.
Permafrost soils currently store approximately 1672 Pg of carbon (C), but as high latitudes warm, this temperature‐protected C reservoir will become vulnerable to higher rates of decomposition. In ...recent decades, air temperatures in the high latitudes have warmed more than any other region globally, particularly during the winter. Over the coming century, the arctic winter is also expected to experience the most warming of any region or season, yet it is notably understudied. Here we present nonsummer season (NSS) CO2 flux data from the Carbon in Permafrost Experimental Heating Research project, an ecosystem warming experiment of moist acidic tussock tundra in interior Alaska. Our goals were to quantify the relationship between environmental variables and winter CO2 production, account for subnivean photosynthesis and late fall plant C uptake in our estimate of NSS CO2 exchange, constrain NSS CO2 loss estimates using multiple methods of measuring winter CO2 flux, and quantify the effect of winter soil warming on total NSS CO2 balance. We measured CO2 flux using four methods: two chamber techniques (the snow pit method and one where a chamber is left under the snow for the entire season), eddy covariance, and soda lime adsorption, and found that NSS CO2 loss varied up to fourfold, depending on the method used. CO2 production was dependent on soil temperature and day of season but atmospheric pressure and air temperature were also important in explaining CO2 diffusion out of the soil. Warming stimulated both ecosystem respiration and productivity during the NSS and increased overall CO2 loss during this period by 14% (this effect varied by year, ranging from 7 to 24%). When combined with the summertime CO2 fluxes from the same site, our results suggest that this subarctic tundra ecosystem is shifting away from its historical function as a C sink to a C source.
Key Points
Tundra winter CO2 production is controlled by soil temperature and day of season
Warming increased nonsummer season CO2 loss by 9–36% depending on the method
Cumulative winter CO2 loss varied up to fourfold depending on the method used
Charge collection in irradiated HV-CMOS detectors Hiti, B.; Affolder, A.; Arndt, K. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
04/2019, Letnik:
924, Številka:
C
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Active silicon detectors built on p-type substrate are a promising technological solution for large area silicon trackers such as those at the High Luminosity LHC, but the radiation hardness of this ...novel approach has to be evaluated. Active n-in-p strip detector prototypes CHESS2 for ATLAS with different substrate resistivities in the range of 20–1000 Ωcm were irradiated with neutrons and protons up to a fluence of 2×1015neqcm−2 and 3.6×1015neqcm−2. Charge collection in passive test structures on the chip was evaluated using Edge-TCT and minimum ionising electrons from 90Sr. Results were used to assess radiation hardness of the detector in the given fluence range and to determine parameters of initial acceptor removal in different substrates.
•Irradiated samples of different initial resistivity between 20 and a few 1000 Ω cm.•Characterisation with edge transient current technique and 90Sr beta electrons.•Sensitive region increases after irradiation due to acceptor removal.•Parameters of acceptor removal estimated for neutron irradiation.•After proton irradiation larger sensitive region than after neutron irradiation.
Study of CMOS strip sensor for future silicon tracker Han, Y.; Zhu, H.; Affolder, A. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
11/2020, Letnik:
981, Številka:
C
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Monolithic silicon sensors developed with High-Voltage CMOS (HV-CMOS) processes have become highly attractive for charged particle tracking. Compared with the standard CMOS sensors, HV-CMOS sensors ...can provide larger and deeper depletion regions that lead to larger signals and faster charge collection. They can provide high position resolution, low material budget, high radiation hardness and low cost that are desirable for high performance tracking in harsh collision environment. Various studies have been conducted to explore the technology feasibility for the large-area tracking systems at future collider experiments.
CHESS (CMOS HV/HR Evaluation for Strip Sensor) sensor series have been developed as an alternative solution to the conventional silicon micro-strip detectors for the ATLAS inner tracker upgrade. The first prototype (named CHESS1) was to evaluate the diode geometry and the in-pixel analog electronics. Obtained test results were used to optimize the second prototype (named CHESS2). CHESS2 was implemented with a full digital readout architecture and realized as a full reticle sized monolithic sensor. In this paper, the basic characteristics of the CHESS2 prototype sensors and their performance in response to different input signals are presented.
Polyamide reverse osmosis (PA-RO) membranes achieve remarkably high water permeability and salt rejection, making them a key technology for addressing water shortages through processes including ...seawater desalination and wastewater reuse. However, current state-of-the-art membranes suffer from challenges related to inadequate selectivity, fouling, and a poor ability of existing models to predict performance. In this Perspective, we assert that a molecular understanding of the mechanisms that govern selectivity and transport of PA-RO and other polymer membranes is crucial to both guide future membrane development efforts and improve the predictive capability of transport models. We summarize the current understanding of ion, water, and polymer interactions in PA-RO membranes, drawing insights from nanofiltration and ion exchange membranes. Building on this knowledge, we explore how these interactions impact the transport properties of membranes, highlighting assumptions of transport models that warrant further investigation to improve predictive capabilities and elucidate underlying transport mechanisms. We then underscore recent advances in
in situ
characterization techniques that allow for direct measurements of previously difficult-to-obtain information on hydrated polymer membrane properties, hydrated ion properties, and ion-water-membrane interactions as well as powerful computational and electrochemical methods that facilitate systematic studies of transport phenomena.
We highlight molecular-level interactions that govern the performance of polymeric desalination membranes. We emphasize how these interactions affect transport and highlight emerging methods that allow for direct measurement of polymer properties.
This paper focuses on the performance of analog readout electronics (built-in amplifier) integrated on the high-voltage (HV) CMOS silicon sensor chip, as well as its radiation hardness. Since the ...total collected charge from minimum ionizing particle (MIP) for the CMOS sensor is 10 times lower than for a conventional planar sensor, it is crucial to integrate a low noise built-in amplifier on the sensor chip to improve the signal to noise ratio of the system. As part of the investigation for the ATLAS strip detector upgrade, a test chip that comprises several pixel arrays with different geometries, as well as standalone built-in amplifiers and built-in amplifiers in pixel arrays has been fabricated in a 0.35μm high-voltage CMOS process. Measurements of the gain and the noise of both the standalone amplifiers and built-in amplifiers in pixel arrays were performed before and after gamma radiation of up to 60Mrad. Of special interest is the variation of the noise as a function of the sensor capacitance. We optimized the configuration of the amplifier for a fast rise time to adapt to the LHC bunch crossing period of 25ns, and measured the timing characteristics including jitter. Our results indicate an adequate amplifier performance for monolithic structures used in HV-CMOS technology. The results have been incorporated in the next submission of a large-structure chip.
Frequency Scanning Interferometry (FSI) has been developed for robust precise distance measurements. We present the reconstruction of two and three dimensional geodetic grids, using simultaneous FSI ...measurements between grid nodes.
The shape of the particle physics tracker inside the ATLAS experiment (currently under construction for the Large Hadron Collider at CERN) will be monitored using a geodetic grid of 842 remotely measured, fibre-coupled interferometers. The challenge is to make precise distance measurements in the hostile, high radiation environment and combine them to reconstruct node coordinates and hence the grid shape in quasi real time to a three dimensional precision of around
10
μ
m
.
Two and three dimensional prototype grids with adjustable geometries have been measured, demonstrating shape reconstruction to a precision of around
1
μ
m
. Error propagation through these grids was studied with different reconstruction models. Grid redundancy allowed the agreement between software models and node coordinate reconstruction to be verified.
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