The aim of the present study was to develop a model to predict muscularity and body condition score (BCS) during the lactation of Italian Simmental dairy cows in Emilia Romagna herds. A total of 2656 ...Italian Simmental primiparous cows from 324 dairy herds were linear classified between 2002 and 2020. Lactation curves for muscularity and BCS were modelled for each cow using random regression model. The model included the fixed effects of age at linear scoring and days in milk modelled with a Legendre polynomial, and the random effects of herd-year of classification, cow and days in milk for each cow modelled with Legendre polynomials. The most parsimonious model included a fixed cubic Legendre polynomial and a random linear polynomial for cow effects. Results indicated that, on an average, BCS nadir was anticipated to that of muscularity, and, in both cases, this moment was around the lactation peak, when animals have the greatest nutrients requirement. After this period, both BCS and muscularity recovered up to post-partum levels. Moreover, after the 9 month of lactation, the absolute growth rate of muscularity and BCS was negative, suggesting that late-gestating cows could potentially enter a phase of body conformation loss. Results reported in the current research indicate that random regression using Legendre polynomials can be successfully employed to predict muscularity and BCS during the lactation of dairy cows.
Highlights
Modelling dairy cows' muscularity and BCS allows to use these parameters as indicator traits for functionality in dairy cows.
The use of prediction model of muscularity and BCS allows to understand the evolution of these conformation traits during the lactation.
The analysis of muscularity and BCS allows to assess health and welfare status of dairy cows, which is essential to maximise production performances.
There is a paucity of information about milk composition and quality at the quarter level from complete milking of the udder, mainly because of the difficulties of sampling procedures which imply the ...adoption of a vacuum system connected to four independent buckets. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of quarter position, intramammary infection status, and somatic cells on milk yield and composition at the mammary quarter level of Simmental cows. Milk samples were collected during three consecutive days, after milking individual mammary quarters of 10 lactating cows separately, for a total of 120 quarter milk samples. Samples were analysed for composition, somatic cell count (SCC), differential SCC, and bacterial culture. Somatic cell count was log-transformed to somatic cell score (SCS) to achieve normality of distribution. Sources of variation of milk yield and quality traits were investigated using a linear mixed model which included the fixed effects of quarter position (1 to 4), pathogen presence (positive or negative), and SCS class (low, medium-low, medium-high, and high). The interaction between cow and quarter position was included as random effect. Quarter position significantly affected milk yield, with rear udder quarters yielding more milk compared to their front counterparts, but with negligible effects on milk composition. Classes of SCS influenced milk composition, in a way that quarters with high SCS had lower lactose content and higher differential SCC. This study is a contribution towards the possibility to better understand physiological processes at cow udder quarter level.
The aim of this study was to describe the fecal bacteria and archaea composition of Holstein-Friesian and Simmental heifers and lactating cows, using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Bacteria and archaea ...communities were characterized and compared between heifers and cows of the same breed. Two breeds from different farms were considered, just to speculate about the conservation of the microbiome differences between cows and heifers that undergo different management conditions. The two breeds were from two different herds.
Firmicutes
,
Bacteroidetes
,
Actinobacteria
, and
Proteobacteria
were the most abundant phyla in all experimental groups. Alpha- and beta-diversity metrics showed significant differences between heifers and cows within the same breed, supported by principal coordinate analysis. The analysis of Holstein-Friesian fecal microbiome composition revealed 3 different bacteria families, 2 genera, and 2 species that differed between heifers and cows; on the other hand, Simmental heifers and cows differed only for one bacteria family, one archaeal genus, and one bacteria species. Results of the present study suggest that fecal communities of heifers and cows are different, and that fecal microbiome is maintained across experimental groups.
Population-level phenotyping is, for some traits, hardly achievable due to limitation of reference analyses. Mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIRS) is a quick and cost-effective laboratory technique ...allowing the prediction of innovative milk quality features on a large scale. The present study aimed at investigating factors associated with milk Ca, K, Mg, Na and P contents predicted by MIRS models on a large multi-breed spectral data set of 123,240 test-day records. Two dairy (Holstein-Friesian and Brown Swiss) and two dual-purpose (Simmental and Alpine Grey) cattle breeds were considered. Sources of variation of predicted milk mineral contents were studied using linear mixed models, including the fixed effects of breed, month of sampling, stage of lactation, parity and interactions between the main effects. Random factors were herd nested within breed, cow nested within breed and the residual. Calcium content was greater in milk of dual-purpose than dairy cattle breeds. Simmental cows produced milk with the greatest content of Ca and Na, and milk of Holstein-Friesian had the lowest P content. Variation of content of Ca, Mg, Na and P throughout lactations exhibited an opposite trend to that of milk yield, with the lowest values around the peak of lactation. On the other hand, K content mirrored the trend of milk yield. Multiparous cows had lower content of milk minerals, with the exception of Na, compared with first parity animals. Environmental factors identified in the present study can be considered for within-breed genetic evaluation to adjust records of milk mineral contents for these effects.
This study aimed to investigate factors affecting protein fractions, namely α-casein (α-CN), β-casein (β-CN), κ-casein (κ-CN), β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) and α-lactalbumin (α-LA) predicted from milk ...infrared spectra in milk of dairy and dual-purpose cattle breeds. The dataset comprised 735,328 observations from 49,049 cows in 1782 herds. Results highlighted significant differences of protein fractions in milk of the studied breeds. Significant variations of protein fractions were found also through parities and lactation, with the latter thoroughly influencing protein fractions percentage. Interesting correlations (
) were estimated between β-CN, κ-CN and β-LG, expressed as percentage of crude protein, and milk urea nitrogen (
= 0.31, -0.20 and -0.26, respectively) and between α-LA and fat percentage (
= 0.41). The present study paves the way for future studies on the associations between protein fractions and milk technological properties, and for the estimation of genetic parameters of predicted protein composition.
The present study aimed to evaluate analytical performances of radial immunodiffusion (RID) technique for the quantification of milk lactoferrin (LF), and to investigate the main sources of variation ...of LF concentration in individual milk samples of Holstein Friesian (HF, n = 1516) and Simmental (SI, n = 230) cows. Repeatability (RSD
r
) and reproducibility (RSD
R
) of RID method were assessed as relative standard deviation of 15 measurements within the same day and 45 measurements across 3 d, respectively. Sources of variation of milk LF were investigated through a mixed linear model which included the fixed effects of classes of stage of lactation and parity (and their interaction), cow breed, udder health status (UHS, based on somatic cell count and differential somatic cell count), and the random effects of the herd-test day nested within breed and the residual. Method performances were satisfactory in terms of repeatability (RSD
r
< 9%) and reproducibility (RSD
R
< 8%), suggesting that the RID can be considered as a consistent cow-side test for the quantification of milk LF. Milk LF was positively associated with somatic cell score (r = 0.40) and negatively with lactose content (r = −0.33). Lower concentration of LF was observed in milk of 'healthy' and 'susceptible' cows (13.03 and 12.87 mg/dL, respectively) compared to 'mastitic' and 'chronic' cows (17.91 and 17.33 mg/dL, respectively). In this light, milk LF has the potential to be a useful biomarker to detect early mastitis. Further research is advisable to deepen the association between milk LF content and observed clinical mastitis.
Highlights
Radial immunodiffusion method for milk lactoferrin quantification is repeatable and reproducible.
Somatic cell count is positively associated with milk lactoferrin content.
Milk lactoferrin is less concentrated in milk of healthy and susceptible than potentially mastitic and chronic cows.
Livestock farming is directly responsible for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, mainly due to enteric fermentation. Feed efficiency in livestock species is generally evaluated through feed conversion ...ratio (FCR) and residual feed intake (RFI), which are associated to GHG emissions. The aim of this study was to characterise FCR and RFI in relation to body traits, feed intake, feeding behaviour and GHG emissions of Holstein bulls. Data were collected between May 2018 and July 2020 on 111 animals. Pearson correlations between studied traits were estimated on the residuals obtained from a linear mixed model which included the fixed effect of the linear covariate of age of bull on the dependent variable and the random effect of the bull. To assess the effect of RFI and FCR the same linear mixed model was implemented firstly by including the fixed effect of RFI (2 classes) and secondly the fixed effect of FCR (2 classes). Correlations between dry matter intake (DMI) and GHG ranged from 0.25 (CH
4
) to 0.36 (CO
2
). The strongest relationship was estimated between feed efficiency traits and DMI (0.86). RFI and FCR showed weak to moderate correlations with GHG (0.12-0.31). Animals belonging to the low classes of RFI and FCR had lower DMI and showed significant reduction of GHG emissions. Results of the present study highlighted significant differences in terms of feed efficiency and GHG emissions among tested animals; further research is needed on their progeny to investigate the genetic background of the same efficiency and emission-related traits.
Highlights
Feed efficiency and emission of greenhouse gases vary among Holstein bulls.
Dry matter intake and feed efficiency traits were strongly positively associated.
Animals endowed with greater feed efficiency had lower emissions and feed intake.
Results of the present study will be useful to select animals for feed efficiency.
The present study aimed to investigate the association between stayability (STAY) traits, muscularity, and body condition score (BCS) in the Italian Simmental dual-purpose cows. Data were collected ...from 2,656 cows linearly scored in their first lactation from 2002 to 2020 and reared in 324 herds. The binary trait STAY, which is the ability of a cow to stay in the herd, was obtained for each cow-lactation available up to parity 5 (from STAY1-2 to STAY4-5). Analysis of STAY was carried out using logistic regression, considering the fixed effect of energy corrected milk, conception rate, somatic cell score, and muscularity or BCS predicted at different time points. The herd of linear classification and residual error were the random effects. Primiparous cows with a medium BCS and muscularity in early lactation presented a more favorable STAY across life compared to thinner ones (
< 0.05). In fact, cows with an intermediate BCS/muscularity were more likely to stay in the herd after the third lactation (STAY3-4), compared to those presenting a lower BCS/muscularity (
< 0.01). However, cows whose muscularity was high were generally less likely to start the third lactation compared to the others. A potential explanation for this could be the willing to market cows with good conformation for meat purpose. Simmental is in fact a dual-purpose breed known for the good carcass yield and meat quality. This study demonstrates how muscularity and BCS available early in life can be associated with the ability of Simmental cows to stay in the herd.
Milk and dairy products are major sources of minerals in human diet. Minerals influence milk technological properties; in particular, micellar and diffusible minerals differentially influence rennet ...clotting time, curd firmness and curd formation rate. The aim of the present study was to investigate the ability of mid-infrared spectroscopy to predict the content of micellar and diffusible mineral fractions in bovine milk. Spectra of reference milk samples (n = 93) were collected using Milkoscan™ 7 (Foss Electric A/S, Hillerød, Denmark) and total, diffusible and micellar content of minerals were quantified using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Backward interval partial least squares algorithm was applied to exclude uninformative spectral regions and build prediction models for total, diffusible and micellar minerals content. Results showed that backward interval partial least squares analysis improved the predictive ability of the models for the studied traits compared with traditional partial least squares approach. Overall, the predictive ability of mid-infrared prediction models was moderate to low, with a ratio of performance to deviation in cross-validation that ranged from 1.15 for micellar K to 2.73 for total P.
The aims of this study were to estimate the effect of cow breed on milk protein profile, and to assess the relationship between protein profile and milk coagulation properties (MCP) predicted with ...mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIRS). The dataset included 173,841 test-day observations of 12,533 specialised (Holstein-Friesian HF and Brown Swiss BS) and dual-purpose cows (Simmental SI and Alpine Grey) sampled in 488 multi-breed herds. Fixed effects considered in the mixed model were breed, month of sampling, parity class, stage of lactation, and first-order interactions and random effects were cow nested within breed, herd and the residual. BS had the greatest casein (CN) fractions content and SI the greatest whey fractions content. A lesser clear pattern was observed when considering the proportion of protein fractions. Longer rennet coagulation, longer curd-firming time and firmer curd were observed for Alpine Grey, HF and BS, respectively. Regarding the index of milk aptitude to coagulate (IAC), BS and SI had the greatest value and HF and Alpine Grey (AG) the lowest one. Weak relationships were estimated between protein fractions and MCP. For whey proteins, all the analysed traits were optimised at β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) concentrations next to the maximum of the physiological range and at α-lactalbumin (α-LA) concentrations at the minimum level. For CNs, all the analysed traits were optimised at α-CN and β-CN concentrations closer to the minimum level and at κ-CN concentration at intermediate levels. Results highlighted the lower efficiency of HF milk for cheese manufacturing compared to the other breeds.
Highlights
Breed, month of sampling, parity order, stage of lactation and their interactions were important to explain the variability of milk protein fractions and coagulation traits.
Brown Swiss (BS) had the greatest casein (CN) fractions content and Simmental (SI) the greatest whey fractions content. Longer rennet coagulation was observed for Alpine Grey, whereas firmer curd was observed for BS.
Coagulation properties were optimised in milk with low concentration of α-CN and β-CN and for intermediate levels of κ-casein.
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