Objectives
Distributive justice is an important component of morality given that it directly reflects how individuals reason regarding fairness and others’ welfare. Thus far, substantial research has ...attempted to understand how children make distribution decisions in resource allocation contexts, particularly when merit is salient (e.g., one deserves more resources than another). Despite the rich findings in this area, no systematic literature review has yielded a comprehensive discussion of children’s understanding of merit in fairness decisions.
Method
A systematic review of the pertinent literature was undertaken.
Results
This article thoroughly synthesizes findings regarding merit-based distributive justice by revealing the roles of culture, resource type, and situation complexity, as well as children’s use of underlying reasoning in their distributive decisions.
Conclusion
The article discusses the findings and directions for future research.
The origin of PM2.5 has long been the subject of debate and stable isotopic tools have been applied to decipher. In this study, weekly PM2.5 samples were simultaneously collected at an urban (Seoul) ...and rural (Baengnyeong Island) site in Korea from January 2014 through February 2016. The seasonal variation of isotopic species showed significant seasonal differences with sinusoidal variation. The isotopic results implied that isotope species from Baengnyeong were mostly originated from coal combustion during China's winter heating seasons, whereas in summer, the isotopic patterns observed that were more likely to be from marine. In Seoul, coal combustion related isotopic patterns increased during China's winter heating period while vehicle related isotopic patterns were dominated whole seasons by default. Therefore, aerosol formation was originated from long-range transported coal combustion-related NOx by vehicle-related NH3 in Seoul. δN-NH4+ in Seoul showed highly enriched 15N compositions in all seasons, indicating that NH3 from vehicle emission is the important source of NH4+ in PM2.5 in Seoul. In addition, Baengnyeong should be consistently considered as a key region for observing the changes of isotopic features depend on the contribution of individual emissions to the atmospheric as a result of the reduction of coal consumption in China.
Display omitted
•Isotope species from Baengnyeong were from coal combustion during China's heating.•In Seoul, vehicle related isotopic pattern was dominated whole seasons by default.•NH3 from vehicle is the important source of NH4+ in Seoul.
Anti-tuberculosis (AT) medications, including isoniazid (INH), can cause drug-induced liver injury (DILI), but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to identify genetic ...factors that may increase the susceptibility of individuals to AT-DILI and to examine genetic interactions that may lead to isoniazid (INH)-induced hepatotoxicity. We performed a targeted sequencing analysis of 380 pharmacogenes in a discovery cohort of 112 patients (35 AT-DILI patients and 77 controls) receiving AT treatment for active tuberculosis. Pharmacogenome-wide association analysis was also conducted using 1048 population controls (Korea1K). NAT2 and ATP7B genotypes were analyzed in a replication cohort of 165 patients (37 AT-DILI patients and 128 controls) to validate the effects of both risk genotypes. NAT2 ultraslow acetylators (UAs) were found to have a greater risk of AT-DILI than other genotypes (odds ratio OR 5.6 95% confidence interval; 2.5-13.2, P = 7.2 × 10
). The presence of ATP7B gene 832R/R homozygosity (rs1061472) was found to co-occur with NAT2 UA in AT-DILI patients (P = 0.017) and to amplify the risk in NAT2 UA (OR 32.5 4.5-1423, P = 7.5 × 10
). In vitro experiments using human liver-derived cell lines (HepG2 and SNU387 cells) revealed toxic synergism between INH and Cu, which were strongly augmented in cells with defective NAT2 and ATP7B activity, leading to increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation, mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, and apoptosis. These findings link the co-occurrence of ATP7B and NAT2 genotypes to the risk of INH-induced hepatotoxicity, providing novel mechanistic insight into individual AT-DILI susceptibility. Yoon et al. showed that individuals who carry NAT2 UAs and ATP7B 832R/R genotypes are at increased risk of developing isoniazid hepatotoxicity, primarily due to the increased synergistic toxicity between isoniazid and copper, which exacerbates mitochondrial dysfunction-related apoptosis.
Asian American youth’s inclusion decisions were investigated in cross-ethnic peer contexts (Asian and non-Asian). Ten-, 13-, and 16-year-old participants (N = 134), enrolled in U.S. schools, decided ...whether to include a same-ethnic peer with different interests or a different-ethnic peer with similar interests. Findings showed that with age, participants more frequently included a peer who shared interests even when this peer was not of the same ethnicity. Participants expected their peer groups to be equally inclusive of others of both ethnic backgrounds, and expected that in-group parents would be less inclusive of cross-ethnic peers. In addition, adolescents expected parents to have prejudicial attitudes about ethnic out-group members. Views about peer group and in-group parents’ inclusivity diverged from adolescents’ own inclusivity. These findings point to areas for intervention regarding the promotion of cross-group friendships and the reduction of prejudice.
Children in the affected area were exposed to large amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the Hebei Spirit oil spill accident.
We investigated the lung function loss from the exposure to ...VOCs in a longitudinal panel of 224 children 1, 3, and 5 years after the VOC exposure event.
Atmospheric estimated concentration of total VOCs (TVOCs), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene for 4 days immediately after the accident were calculated for each village (n = 83) using a modeling technique. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV
) as an indicator of airway status was measured 1, 3, and 5 years after the exposure in 224 children 4~9 years of age at the exposure to the oil spill. Multiple linear regression and linear mixed models were used to evaluate the associations, with adjustment for smoking and second-hand smoke at home.
Among the TVOCs (geometric mean: 1319.5 mg/m
·4 d), xylene (9.4), toluene (8.5), ethylbenzene (5.2), and benzene (2.0) were dominant in the order of air concentration level. In 224 children, percent predicted FEV
(ppFEV
), adjusted for smoking and second-hand smoke at home, was 100.7% after 1 year, 96.2% after 3 years, and 94.6% after 5 years, and the loss over the period was significant (
< 0.0001). After 1 and 3 years, TVOCs, xylene, toluene, and ethylbenzene were significantly associated with ppFEV
. After 5 years, the associations were not significant. Throughout the 5 years' repeated measurements in the panel, TVOCs, xylene, toluene, and ethylbenzene were significantly associated with ppFEV
.
Exposure to VOCs from the oil spill resulted in lung function loss among children, which remained significant up to 5 years after the exposure.
Children's evaluations of necessary harm (acts intended to prevent a greater harm) and how maternal disapproval and peer relationship play roles in this context were examined. A total of 120 children ...at 6, 9, and 12 years of age evaluated scenarios depicting prototypic and necessary (physical or verbal) harm. When a mother was depicted as disapproving of necessary harm, children across ages evaluated the act to be more wrong for verbal (but not physical) harm. In addition, children judged necessary harm to be more wrong when the victim was a disliked peer than a friend. In terms of age differences, 12-year-olds judged necessary physical harm to be less wrong and justified their choices with reference to actors' positive actions more than did younger children (6- and 9-year-olds). Findings demonstrated that harm type, maternal disapproval, and peer relationship status are related to children's judgments about necessary harm.
On December 7th, 2007, an estimated 12,547 kL of crude oil was spilled from the collision of Hebei Spirit near residential area. Our previous study demonstrated worsening of children's asthma ...symptoms one year after the accident. This study investigated long-term effect of the oil spill on children's asthma symptoms up to five years after the accident. All elementary and middle school students in the exposure area were surveyed on one year (n = 655), three years (664), and five years (611) after the accident. Oil spill exposure was estimated using two estimates including distance from the oil spill (A) and modeled estimates of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) compounds (B), and each was dichotomously categorized (A: high-exposure vs low-exposure; B: ≥20 mg/m3 vs < 20 mg/m3). Asthma symptoms were evaluated using a standard questionnaire. Oil spill exposure estimates were associated with asthma symptoms on one year (odds ratio (95% confidence interval) A: 1.9 (1.1–3.1); B: 1.6 (0.9–2.7)), three years (A: 1.9 (1.1–3.2); B: 1.3 (0.8–2.2)), and five years (A: 1.2 (0.7–1.9); B: 1.8 (1.1–2.8)) after the oil spill. Significant longitudinal relationship between oil spill exposure estimates and asthma symptoms was also observed (A: 1.6 (1.2–2.2); B: 1.6 (1.1–2.1)). Overall, the effect of oil spill exposure estimates was more severe on younger children. Oil spill exposure estimates were associated with asthma symptoms in children up to five years after the oil spill.
Display omitted
•Oil spill affect children's asthma symptoms.•Oil spill exposure estimates were associated with asthma symptoms on one year, three years, and five years after the oil spill.•Significant longitudinal relationship between oil spill exposure estimates and asthma symptoms was also observed during the five years.•Long-term effect of the oil spill was more severe on younger children.
Oil spill exposure estimates were associated with asthma symptoms up to five years after the oil spill, and that this association was stronger in younger children than in older children.
Comparisons of the gut microbiome of lean and obese humans have revealed that obesity is associated with the gut microbiome plus changes in numerous environmental factors, including high-fat diet ...(HFD). Here, we report that two species of Bifidobacterium are crucial to controlling metabolic parameters in the Korean population.
Based on gut microbial analysis from 99 Korean individuals, we observed the abundance of Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium bifidum was markedly reduced in individuals with increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT), body mass index (BMI), blood triglyceride (TG), and fatty liver. Bacterial transcriptomic analysis revealed that carbohydrate/nucleoside metabolic processes of Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium bifidum were associated with protecting against diet-induced obesity. Oral treatment of specific commercial Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium bifidum enhanced bile acid signaling contributing to potentiate oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in adipose tissues, leading to reduction of body weight gain and improvement in hepatic steatosis and glucose homeostasis. Bifidobacterium longum or Bifidobacterium bifidum manipulated intestinal sterol biosynthetic processes to protect against diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice.
Our findings support the notion that treatment of carbohydrate/nucleoside metabolic processes-enriched Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium bifidum would be a novel therapeutic strategy for reprograming the host metabolic homeostasis to protect against metabolic syndromes, including diet-induced obesity. Video Abstract.
Effort or outcome? Children’s meritorious decisions Noh, Jee Young; D'Esterre, Alexander; Killen, Melanie
Journal of experimental child psychology,
February 2019, 2019-02-00, 20190201, Letnik:
178
Journal Article
Recenzirano
•This study removes confound of effort and outcome in merit-based allocation.•Children prioritized effort over outcome in distributive decisions.•Children preferred to work with effort-focused peer ...over outcome-focused peer.
How individuals determine what is fair and just when allocating resources is a fundamental aspect of moral development. Decisions about fairness involve considerations such as merit, which includes effort (one’s own exertion to achieve a goal) and outcome (one’s product). Previous research has described merit in terms of both effort and outcome (e.g., a meritorious individual is both hard-working and productive). Crucially, no research has documented whether children give priority to being hard-working (high effort) or to being productive (high outcome or product) when allocating resources. This gap in the literature obfuscates two constructs that reflect how individuals allocate resources. The current study examined this process by which children (3- to 10-year-olds, N = 100; Mage = 7.27 years, SD = 2.39) weighed these two different aspects of merit in their fairness decisions in several situations where levels of effort and outcome were varied. When there was a discrepancy between effort and outcome, children increasingly prioritized effort over outcome with age and allocated more resources to hard-working peers than to productive peers. Effort and outcome were also examined. In situations where only effort varied (i.e., outcome was controlled), with age children were more likely to incorporate effort into their fairness decisions; however, in situations where only outcome varied (i.e., effort was controlled), with age children were less likely to incorporate effort into their fairness decisions. Taken together, the findings suggest that as children get older, they increasingly focus on effort of individuals rather than on their productivity when distributing resources.
Lysozyme was selectively extracted from reconstituted freeze-dried egg-white, using reverse micelles formed by the cationic surfactant, cetyldimethylammonium bromide (CDAB). The major egg-white ...proteins, including ovalbumin and ovotansferrin, were solubilized into the organic phase while lysozyme was recovered in the aqueous phase. The solubilization behaviours of proteins were manipulated by processing parameters, including pH and salt concentration in the aqueous phase and concentration of surfactant in the organic phase. The optimum extraction was achieved with sodium borate buffer (50 mM, pH 9, no added KCl) and organic phase containing 50 mM CDAB. After the forward extraction, 96% of total lysozyme activity was recovered. Lysozyme was efficiently purified, more than 30-fold with only a single forward extraction. The suggested extraction procedure has advantages in terms of time and cost compared to traditional reverse micellar extraction which requires both forward and backward extraction steps.
PDF
