Nanotechnology is an emerging branch of science that incorporates the nanomaterials recognized as nanoparticles ranging from 1–100 nm in size. This technology is being used in the food industry, ...pharmaceutical industry, agricultural industry, medical treatments, environmental science, biological research, and aquaculture industry. Increasing disease susceptibility, pathogenic emergence and divergence, less efficient vaccines, probiotics, and ineffective antibiotics forced us to seek an alternative approach to tackle these challenges. Nanotechnology can change our views, perceptions, and perspectives, as it has provided us with a necessary tool to address these challenges. This technology has revolutionized aspects of providing solutions to many hazardous issues like disease control, nutrient delivery, water purification, vaccines, and drug delivery in aquaculture using nanoparticles. Several nanoparticles have been used as growth promoters, e.g., zinc, iron, and selenium nanoparticles. Many of them have antibacterial properties, e.g., silver and copper nanoparticles. Besides that, these nanoparticles have few toxicological effects, when they are used without proper knowledge and lead to unrealistic results. Therefore, there should be complete information and standard observation regarding their administration (e.g., time, dosage, exposure, and concentration), and certain parameters (temperature, pH, and salinity) should also noted before their use in aquaculture. This review aims to critically analyze and thoroughly discuss the meta-role of various nanoparticles regarding disease control, drug delivery, water treatment, nutrition, and growth performance as well as their toxicological impacts in fish aquaculture.
Numerous cellular, humoral, and molecular processes are involved in the intricate process of wound healing.BACKGROUNDNumerous cellular, humoral, and molecular processes are involved in the intricate ...process of wound healing.Numerous bioactive substances, such as ß-sitosterol, tannic acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, quercetin, ellagic acid, and pyrogallol, along with their pharmacokinetics and bioavailability, have been reviewed. These phytochemicals work together to promote angiogenesis, granulation, collagen synthesis, oxidative balance, extracellular matrix (ECM) formation, cell migration, proliferation, differentiation, and re-epithelialization during wound healing.PHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCENumerous bioactive substances, such as ß-sitosterol, tannic acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, quercetin, ellagic acid, and pyrogallol, along with their pharmacokinetics and bioavailability, have been reviewed. These phytochemicals work together to promote angiogenesis, granulation, collagen synthesis, oxidative balance, extracellular matrix (ECM) formation, cell migration, proliferation, differentiation, and re-epithelialization during wound healing.To improve wound contraction, this review delves into how the application of each bioactive molecule mediates with the inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases of wound healing to speed up the process. This review also reveals the underlying mechanisms of the phytochemicals against different stages of wound healing along with the differentiation of the in vitro evidence from the in vivo evidence There is growing interest in phytochemicals, or plant-derived compounds, due their potential health benefits. This calls for more scientific analysis and mechanistic research. The various pathways that these phytochemicals control/modulate to improve skin regeneration and wound healing are also briefly reviewed. The current review also elaborates the immunomodulatory modes of action of different phytochemicals during wound repair.FINDINGS AND NOVELTYTo improve wound contraction, this review delves into how the application of each bioactive molecule mediates with the inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases of wound healing to speed up the process. This review also reveals the underlying mechanisms of the phytochemicals against different stages of wound healing along with the differentiation of the in vitro evidence from the in vivo evidence There is growing interest in phytochemicals, or plant-derived compounds, due their potential health benefits. This calls for more scientific analysis and mechanistic research. The various pathways that these phytochemicals control/modulate to improve skin regeneration and wound healing are also briefly reviewed. The current review also elaborates the immunomodulatory modes of action of different phytochemicals during wound repair.
The study was conducted to find out the metabolic activity of lipid and carbohydrate which is involves the nerve impulse transmission, energy storage, hormone regulation and fat-soluble nutrient ...transportation in human bodies. Does dependent significant hypoglycaemia caused by Urotensin II and Somatostatin-25 were studied and observed increase in plasma free fatty acids which diminished with time and increased liver glycogen contents. Higher doses of Urotensin-II (5ng/g body weight for 6hr) and Somatostatin-25 (10 ng/g body weight for 6 hr) were more potent to increase plasma protein and plasma total lipids, whereas weaker doses of both did not show any type of effect. These results show that partial homology and partial analogy of Urotensin-II and Somatostatin-25 contribute towards similar type of effect on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in frog Rama pipiens. Based on the current study, the more specific work can be done in context of the metabolic syndrome, in diabetes and in cardiovascular disease.
This study was conducted from March 2022 to May 2022, among school children to recognize to the role of age and sex as epidemiological factors favoring the spread of parasitic infections among the ...children of 8 schools located in rural areas of district Multan. For this, the total of 1122 fecal samples were obtained. These samples were processed by using the direct smear method and formal ether sedimentations concentration. Differences were noted in overall incidence of protozoans and helminthic infections in boys and girls as well as age differences were encountered. The results showed that an overall incidence of protozoans 25.56% in younger boys and 15.3 % in younger girls, while overall of incidents of helminths was 12.35% in boys and 7.3% in younger girls. The pathogenic protozoa Giardia lamblia was more prevalent than amoebiasis while Ascaris lumbricoides was most common round worm prevalent. Such a survey first of its kind in district Multan draws the attentions of parents and scientific community to safeguard the health of children.
In this study, hematological and biochemical profile of blood of cows were evaluated to determine the health status. These are highly informative diagnostic tools in collaboration with other ...diagnostic procedures. The sample of forty cows were equally divided into four groups; early lactation, mid-lactation, late lactation and dry pregnant. These test profiles were compared with the fifth group of ten lactating healthy cows. Early stage of lactating group showed lowered concentration trend (9.06±0.34 gm) as compared to means in other groups (9.26±0.18 gm% in mid and 10.2±0.69 gm% in late). In dry pregnant group the mean value of total leucocyte count (TLC) was 10.03±0.91X103/comm. showed slightly elevated trend than the normal healthy control group (8.33±0.33X103/cmm). In dry cows the glucose was significantly higher (53.68±4.27 mg/dl) than the early (38.64±3.54 mg/dl) and late (52.48±5.02 mg/dl) lactating cows. The serum total protein values (8.26±0.57 g/dl) was slightly evaluated as compared to that of the normal healthy control (8.01±0.67 g/dl) during early stage of lactation. Amongst different groups the urea nitrogen values differ significantly (P<0.05). In dry pregnant cows the descending trend in the serum cholesterol concentration as compared to lactating cows was observed. During early stage of lactation there was drop in calcium level (8.29±0.73 mg/dl) than the normal healthy control (11.25±0.17 mg/dl). The serum calcium level increased due to the stage of lactation progresses. In different groups of cows the serum magnesium concentration did not differ significantly. The study is helpful for the management and welfare of dairy cows.
This study was conducted during 2017-19 with the objective to provide data of distribution of blood group of ABO and Rh(D) and gene frequency among the population of three districts; Multan, Lodhran ...and Khanewal (Multan Division), Pakistan. This information will provide basic facts and figures of region to geneticists, practitioners and blood transfusion programmers. From both genders total 440 subjects were selected from schools and colleges students, prisoners and factory workers etc. randomly in different regions of three districts. Blood samples of both genders were tested for blood groups ABO and Rh(D) factor with help of open slide test method. To observe agglutination, a drop of the antisera, anti-A, anti-B and anti-D were mixed with every blood sample and shook gently for 60 seconds. The predominant blood group was O with 36.48%, 42.57% and 42.08% presence in Multan, Lodhran and Khanewal respectively in all the Rh(D) positive subjects. In Rh(D) negative subjects, blood group A was found predominant with 5.40% in Multan district only amongst the three districts. In Multan the percentage of Rh(D) Positive was 90.55% and Rh(D) negative was 9.45%. In Lodhran, the percentage of Rh(D) positive was 93.25% and Rh(D) negative was 6.75%. in Khanewal, the percentage of Rh(D) positive was 91.22% and Rh(D) negative was 8.78%. Among the 3 districts studied, both Rh(D) positive and Rh(D) negative frequency of blood groups was O> A> B> AB> except Multan where blood group "A" was common among Rh(D) negative subjects.
The current study was conducted on Sahiwal cows at Multan Dairy Farm, located on Khanewal Road, Multan with a sample size of 327 cows. Through prostaglandin analogue process the cows identified to ...possess luteal cyst were treated. The aim of this study was to assess the response of treatment of Dalmazin (PGF2a) in Sahiwal cows to increase the production of dairy cattle through advancing reproductive strategies. The cows not showing visible signs of estrus between days 80-100 postpartum were known to be cystic disordered. Initial examination was carried through rectal palpation. No visible estrus signs were identified in 71 (21.71%) animals. Postpartum disorder was found in 16 (4.89%), follicular cysts in 12 (3.67%), corpus luteum in 13 (3.97%), persistent corpus luteum in 13 (3.97%), Anoestrous in 14 (4.28%) and cystic ovary in 3 (0.92%) Sahiwal cows. The clinical examinations were repeated 3 times with an interval of 7 days whereas, for progesterone, the blood samples were also collected. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) used for progesterone measurement and concentration of plasma progesterone confirmed results of rectal palpation. Before treatment blood progesterone's concentration was 1.46±0.45 ng/ml, 1.13±0.58 ng/ml and 0.58±0.24 ng/ml during 1st, 2nd and 3rd week respectively. The 10 cows found to have luteal cyst. The treatment with Dalmazin (PGF2a) changed the plasma concentration of progesterone and it was 1.28±0.49 ng/ml, 3.89±0.89 ng/ml and 6.04±1.92 ng/ml during 1st, 2nd and 3rd week respectively. In response to treatment, 70% cows were found to be pregnant and 30% cows were regular in cycling.
No toilets and tap water were found in the study areas. 55.60% of the respondents used mostly water from the stream while 25.50% used from the wells. 82.20% of the respondents were self-treated in ...most cases of the above mentioned disease while 12.50% received treatment from the health center and 10.2% traditional healers. The major cause of this infection are favourable environmental conditions for the unhygienic living conditions, poor sanitation, overcrowding, vector, lack of prophylactic measures and ineffectiveness of the malaraial control programmes etc. According to DMCP, 1990 - 1991, incidence was found to be 6.72% and 5.93% respectively in N.W.F.P. These figures are also less as compared to the present study. Conclusion The results of this study provide baseline knowledge about the prevalence of malaria in school going children and indicate areas which are focus with respect to the knowledge as well as improving the quality of education about various aspects of malaria such as preventive measures which being empowered to maintain their health by using the techniques which they learned about this disease.
The present lifestyle, dietary patterns, psychological pressure, environmental factors, and the widespread exploitation of processed substances in food production and farming have collectively ...contributed to a substantial expediting in the development of various health problems. Globally, researchers have been seeking natural pharmaceutical substances with the potential to be employed in treating lifestyle‐related diseases or delaying their onset. Fenugreek seeds have gained significant attention in various fields, including health, nutrition, and cutting‐edge nanotechnology applications, due to their versatile qualities. The current investigation offers a comprehensive discussion of the nutritional composition and therapeutic potential of fenugreek seeds, with an emphasis on their plentiful reservoir of bioactive compounds. This seed demonstrates promising medicinal potential in addressing a wide range of health issues. Significantly, these findings indicate noteworthy properties, such as antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti‐obesity, hypocholesterolemic, anticancer, and cardioprotective effects. Moreover, the components of fenugreek seeds are important in the development of a multitude of foods, which is the reason why they are used extensively in the area of food research. In addition to their nutritional value, their exploration of nanotechnology reveals a promising domain, utilizing the distinctive characteristics of seeds for many purposes, such as nanoparticle synthesis and oil for edible films and nanoemulsions. This review article focuses on a comprehensive analysis of fenugreek seeds, examining their wide‐ranging applications in the fields of health, nutrition, food, and nanotechnology.
Fenugreek seeds have gained significant attention in various fields, including health, nutrition, and cutting‐edge nanotechnology applications. This review article focuses on a comprehensive analysis of fenugreek seeds, examining their wide‐ranging applications in the fields of health, nutrition, food, and nanotechnology.
Background In developing countries like Pakistan, treatment is mediated by private and public healthcare setups with a limited budget for health facilities. Moreover, the inappropriate use of ...treadmill tests imposes a burden on healthcare resources and leads to unwarranted interventions. Our aim is to assess the prevalence and predictors of inappropriate referrals for the exercise tolerance test (ETT) to diagnose coronary artery disease (CAD) while taking public and private healthcare settings into consideration. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted to find the prevalence of the inappropriate use of ETT to diagnose obstructive CAD and to determine the factors responsible for it. A total of 264 patients were enrolled from outpatient departments in Karachi. The inclusion criterion was the referral of treadmill testing for the diagnosis of CAT. The analysis was performed by logistic regression models to ascertain independent predictors of inappropriate use. Results Exercise stress tests were found to be inappropriate in 209 (79%) patients. The study indicated that the majority of patients had a low or very low pre-test probability of CAD. Diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia were less frequent in the inappropriate as compared to the appropriate referrals (10%, 45%, and 16% versus 20%, 69%, and 32%). Both public and private sectors showed a high prevalence of inappropriate testing, but it was much higher in the latter (27% versus 73%, P < 0.001). In all regression models, the private healthcare system was the major independent predictor for inappropriate indications of ETT with an average odds ratio of 4.9 (P < 0.001). Conclusion The high prevalence of ETT referrals was found for the diagnosis of CAD. This result was consistent with both public and private healthcare systems, but it was considerably higher in private setups. Comorbidities, number of risk factors, and cardiovascular risk were not associated with the inappropriate use of ETT.
PDF
