Kriminalitet povezan s ilegalnim drogama odavno je predmetom različitih vrsta istraživanja - ponajprije usmjerenih na iznalaženje mogućnosti za njegovu prevenciju. Jedan od koncepata kroz koji se ...može promatrati ova povezanost jest i koncept kriminalne karijere. Ovaj se rad bavi povezanošću dobi i činjenja kaznenih djela povezanih s ilegalnim drogama kroz koncept kriminalne karijere. Glavni rezultati pokazuju kako ispitanici najčešće čine kazneno djelo krađe s ciljem pribavljanja sredstava za kupovanje ilegalnih droga te kako sudionici pod utjecajem droge najčešće čine kaznena djela krađe, odnosno razbojništva, neovisno o promatranoj dobi. U radu se nadalje prikazuje i povezanost drugih aspekata povezanosti kriminaliteta droga i određenih dobnih skupina, što je od važnosti prilikom izučavanja ovoga fenomena u svrhu prevencije, ali i penološkog tretmana počinitelja spomenutih kaznenih djela.
Struktura suvremenog tržišta droga složen je fenomen u kojemu konstantan tijek proizvodnje, ponude i potražnje ilegalnih tvari rezultira sve dinamičnijim razvojem i kretanjima, a pod velikim je ...utjecajem globalizacije i razvoja novih tehnologija, posebice interneta. Internet, kao važan facilitator na navedenom tržištu, u posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća omogućio je širok pristup velikom rasponu informacija i time postao neophodan komunikacijski alat za razvoj kriminalnih aktivnosti povezanih s tržištem droga. Predstavljajući nevidljivu, skrivenu stranu interneta, i pod krinkom anonimnosti, kripto tržište, kao oblik digitalnog tržišta, pruža tako nove mogućnosti i načine trgovanja ilegalnim tvarima te na taj način preuzima monopol pred klasičnim načinima trgovanja drogom (»licem u lice«). Rad analizira suvremene znanstvene spoznaje o načinu funkcioniranja kripto tržišta droga kao i njegov utjecaj na strukturu i dinamiku suvremenog tržišta droga, a u svrhu promišljanja o razvoju preventivnih aktivnosti koje bi bile u mogućnosti suzbiti takvu vrstu kriminaliteta. Istraživanja sugeriraju da razvojem kripto tržišta tradicionalna tržišta drogom neće nestati već će se oba tržišta međusobno nadopunjavati pri čemu će djelovanje na digitalnom tržištu biti učestalije zbog veće mogućnosti zaštite identiteta njegovih glavnih aktera. Aktivnosti usmjerene na suzbijanje rada digitalnog tržišta droga predstavljaju velik izazov za brojne stručnjake koji se bave prevencijom zlouporabe ilegalnih tvari, od represivnog aparata pa sve do stručnjaka pomagačkih profesija koji zasigurno imaju veliku ulogu u osmišljavanju i implementaciji različitih preventivnih aktivnosti u ovoj domeni.
Marine life is threatened by global warming and its indirect consequences, which include, among others, increased stratification leading to phosphorus (P) and nitrogen depletion in the upper water ...column. Phosphorus plays a key role in all biochemical systems; storage of metabolic energy, formation of genetic material, and subcellular compartmentalization. Our multi‐year study of lipid biogeochemistry in the northern Adriatic (Mediterranean), which is becoming warmer and nutrient‐poorer, particularly regarding P, has shown that under conditions of P scarcity, phospholipids are relatively more abundant and smaller plankton cells dominate. Consistent with the field data, experiments with seven phytoplankton monocultures, comprising microplankton, nanoplankton, and picoplankton, confirmed a relatively higher phospholipid content in the smaller phytoplankton species and, in particular, an increase in those grown under stress conditions in general, including, unexpectedly, P‐limitation. We suggest two reasons for the observed “P paradox” of P‐limited phytoplankton: (1) cell geometry: volume of the plasma membrane relative to the volume of the entire cell is greater in smaller cells and, therefore, the proportion of plasma membrane phospholipids to intracellular lipids is greater in smaller cells, (2) higher proportion of densely packed saturated fatty acids found in stressful conditions, including P oligotrophy, additionally increase the proportion of membrane phospholipids relative to intracellular lipids. Our findings contribute to the understanding of P cycling in the sea. In addition, our data suggest that higher phospholipid export to deep waters is possible by smaller plankton.
A new marine strain of picoplanktonic algae, PMPFPPE4, was isolated from a mixed net-phytoplankton sample taken from the upper euphotic layer of the southeastern Adriatic Sea. Evaluation of the new ...strain included morphological investigation (by light and electron microscopy), phylogenetic analysis (utilizing plastid 16S rRNA and nuclear 18S rRNA genes), and physiological characterization (screening of pigment/lipid composition and capturing photosynthesis measurements). The new strain was proven to belong to the genus Picochlorum and the lipid composition revealed an unexpected accumulation of triacylglycerols, indicating an evolutionary adaptation for growth under unfavourable conditions. In addition, lipid remodelling in the exponential to stationary growth phase was characterized by an increased share of membrane-forming digalactosyldiacylglycerols and phosphatidylcholines. Maximum photosynthetic activity measured was at 30°C, but the most rapid increase of photosynthetic activity was at lower temperatures (15-20°C). Moreover, the thermotolerant strain did not exhibit photoinhibition below 40°C and survived a one-month cultivation period in complete darkness. The strain's survival in low light and dark conditions suggests a potential shift from autotrophy to mixotrophy under unfavourable growth conditions. Thus, the unique physiological attributes represented by a high growth rate, thermotolerance, phototolerance and high triacylglycerol synthesis may render the strain highly attractive for biofuel production and growth in large outdoor systems.
The temperature increase in oceans reflects on marine ecosystem functioning and surely has consequences on the marine carbon cycle and carbon sequestration. In this study, we examined dissolved ...lipid, lipid classes and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) production in the northern Adriatic Sea, isolated diatom Chaetoceros pseudocurvisetus batch cultures grown in a wide temperature range (10–30 °C) and in contrasting nutrient regimes, phosphorus (P)-depleted and P-replete conditions. Additionally, lipids and DOC were analyzed in the northern Adriatic (NA) in two stations characterized with different P availability, occupied from February to August 2010 that covered a temperature range from 9.3 to 31.1 °C. To gain insight into factors governing lipid and lipid classes' production in the NA, apart from temperature (T), Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton community abundance and structure, nutrient concentrations were measured together with hydrographic parameters. We found enhanced accumulation of dissolved lipids, particulary glycolipids, with increasing T, especially during the highest in situ temperature. The effect of T on enhanced dissolved lipid release is much more pronounced under P-deplete conditions indicating that oligotrophic regions might be more vulnerable to T rise. Temperature between 25 and 30 °C is a threshold T range for C. pseudocurvisetus, at which a significant part of lipid production is directed toward the dissolved phase. Unlike monocultures, there are multiple factors influencing produced lipid composition, distribution and cycling in the NA that may counteract the T influence. The possible role of enhanced dissolved lipid concentration for carbon sequestration at elevated T is discussed. On the one hand, lipids are buoyant and do not sink, which enhances their retention at the surface layer. In addition, they are surface active, and therefore prone to adsorb on sinking particles, contributing to the C sequestration.
•We investigated dissolved lipid production in response to sea surface warming.•We performed diatom Chaetoceros pseudocurvisetus batch culture experiments.•We performed investigations in the northern Adriatic Sea.•Temperature rise increases dissolved lipid content.•Effect of T on lipid release is more pronounced under P-depleted conditions.
The assimilation of inorganic nutrients by phytoplankton strongly depends on environmental conditions such as the availability of nitrogen (N) and temperature, especially warming. The acclimation or ...adaptation of different species to such changes remains poorly understood. Here, we used a multimethod approach to study the viability, and physiological and biochemical responses of the marine diatom Chaetoceros pseudocurvisetus to different temperatures (15, 25, and 30 °C) and different N: phosphorus (P) ratios (N-excess (N:P = 50:1), optimal (N:P = 16:1), and N-limiting (N:P = 2:1)). N limitation had a greater effect than high temperature on cell growth and reproduction, leading to a marked elongation of setae, decreased P assimilation, increased lipid accumulation and decreased protein synthesis. The elongation of setae observed under these conditions may serve to increase the surface area available for the uptake of inorganic and/or organic nitrogen. In contrast, high temperatures (30 °C) had a stronger effect than N deficiency on cell death, N assimilation, chlorophyll a accumulation, the cessation of setae formation and cell lipid remodelling. Significant changes in thylakoid lipids were observed in cells maintained at 30 °C, with increased levels of digalactosyldiacylglycerols (DGDG) and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols (SQDG). These changes may be explained by the role of galactolipids in thylakoid membrane stabilization during heat stress.
Conserving European biodiversity across realms Giakoumi, Sylvaine; Hermoso, Virgilio; Carvalho, Silvia B. ...
Conservation letters,
January/February 2019, 2019-01-00, 20190101, 2019-01, Letnik:
12, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems are connected via multiple biophysical and ecological processes. Identifying and quantifying links among ecosystems is necessary for the uptake of ...integrated conservation actions across realms. Such actions are particularly important for species using habitats in more than one realm during their daily or life cycle. We reviewed information on the habitats of 2,408 species of European conservation concern and found that 30% of the species use habitats in multiple realms. Transportation and service corridors, which fragment species habitats, were identified as the most important threat impacting ∼70% of the species. We examined information on 1,567 European Union (EU) conservation projects funded over the past 25 years, to assess the adequacy of efforts toward the conservation of “multi‐realm” species at a continental scale. We discovered that less than a third of multi‐realm species benefited from projects that included conservation actions across multiple realms. To achieve the EU's conservation target of halting biodiversity loss by 2020 and effectively protect multi‐realm species, integrated conservation efforts across realms should be reinforced by: (1) recognizing the need for integrated management at a policy level, (2) revising conservation funding priorities across realms, and (3) implementing integrated land‐freshwater‐sea conservation planning and management.
Managing prisons is one of the tough tasks for the criminal justice professionals. Especially, prison management takes the toll of time and energy of many of the prison staff. There may be a tough ...routine, difficult prisoners, unsupportive higher-ups, critical governments etc, which may cause physical and mental exhaustion of the prison staff. This exhaustion leads to burn out which is though common to any other type of employees working in other organizations, but in a different magnitude and dimension. The issue of job burnout among prison staff is intensely studied by various researchers in several countries around the world. There were many correlative studies on job burnout. However, there are no comparative studies on this issue. There is a need to fill the gap in the literature on the comparative aspect of job burnout among prison staff and this paper tries to compare job burnout between American and Croatian prison staff. The Maslach Burnout Inventory was used to collect data from 480 respondents in the U.S., and 442 respondents in Croatia. Results indicate severe job burnout among prison staff in both the countries. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Leisure time is a space that should allow for the fulfillment of different needs, such as play, fun, gaining of new skills, build-up of relationships, self strengthening and many others. During ...adolescence, coevals become more "important" than the family, hence the needs which were previously fulfilled within a family are in that time fulfilled among coevals. Within a coeval group, young people find the needed support for their attitudes, interests, motives, views of life. It is for this reason, as well as for some other reasons, that the contemporary literature dealing with children and young people with behavioral disorders and those with risk of such disorders assesses the free or leisure time as an important area during which many behavioral risks appear. This time is also assessed as an area in which strength for prevention may be found, as well as potentials for early diagnose and appropriate expert attention and action. This research is a part of the project Socio-pedagogical diagnosis - user participation in the process of needs' assessment and intervention planning. The project was drafted aiming to help in assessment of a child's potentials and its environment and to find better ways of upbringing and socialization. Subject of this paper is only a part of a bigger picture, and is related to free or leisure time. Twenty children and young people with behavioral disorders (all in the process of needs' assessment and intervention planning) were tested. Subjects were 12-17 years old. Half-structured interviews were conducted, and data were elaborated using the qualitative method, through shrinking and structuring using the Nvivo software.
The paper introduces the project of Social-Pedagogic Diagnosis - participation of beneficiaries in the process of assessing needs and planning interventions. It is about a promotional project whose ...obJective is to maximally involve children/minors into the process of self-recognition, assessment and self-assessment, choosing and deciding regarding the future treatment. Young people become experts' associates in a process that used to be exclusively professional. This approach to practical work has
changed the paradigm of approaching the population of children and adolescents with behavioural difficulties, whereas the role
of reserchees and researchees is changing within the framework of scientific-research activities. In line with this, the research methodology should be in harmony with the relevant objectives as well as with the manner and the course of the research
process. This is the reason why qualitative methodology and qualitative text analysis has been chosen. Text analysis is based on a semi-structured interview with a child (a minor) that is tape-recorded and subsequently written down. This is followed by work on the text with the child (minor) on one hand, and by the analysis of the text performed by several researchers on the other. Since this project is very comprehensive, demanding and time-consuming, it is using the Nvivo software developed for qualitative text analysis. The paper introduces some of the ways of text presentation as well as the answers given by children and adolescents regarding their needs for and possibilities of participation in the process of obtaining a diagnosis.
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