The Animality of Animalism Novoa, Adriana
Iberoamericana (Madrid, Spain),
03/2020, Letnik:
20, Številka:
73
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In this essay, I will analyze how “animalismo” became a crucial concept, intersecting the debates about race and gender which inspired the ideas of Spanish American intellectuals during the last ...quarter of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth. I will start by explaining how this concept became associated with scientific debates related to Darwinian evolutionism, and how the derived ideas fueled a new gendered racial normativity that gave rise to a crisis by the 1900s. In the second part, I will analyze how race, gender and sexuality became intrinsically related to animalism, and the problems that the association between humans and animals posed for political ideas about the nation.
En este ensayo analizaré cómo “animalismo” se convirtió en un concepto crucial en el proceso de transformación de las ideas de raza y género durante el cuarto final del siglo XIX. El ensayo comienza explicando cómo los intelectuales de Hispanoamérica asociaron “animalismo” con los debates científicos relacionados con el evolucionismo darwinista, y cómo las ideas que se generaron a partir de este intercambio de ideas originaron normativas raciales y de género que culminaron creando una crisis socio-cultural para el comienzo del siglo XX. En la segunda parte, se analiza cómo las contradicciones que surgieron a raíz de la adopción de la idea de animalismo cambiaron las ideas de raza, género y sexualidad, lo cual afectó el entendimiento de la identidad de la nación a partir del comienzo del siglo XX.
The present paper describes the vibrational startle response assay (VSRA), a new robust, simple and automated in vivo medium- to high-throughput procedure for assessment of the escape response and ...its habituation in zebrafish larvae. Such behaviors enable fish larvae to escape from predator strikes in aquatic ecosystems. The assay is based on measuring the distance moved by each larva during the startle response evoked by repetitive vibrational stimuli. The iterative reduction observed in the response to a series of tapping stimulus in VSRA met the main criteria of habituation. Subsequently, the analysis of concordance using a battery of neuroactive compounds modulating different neurotransmitter systems demonstrated that the results of VSRA are highly predictive of the effects on other vertebrates. Finally, as a proof of concept, VSRA was used to test two relevant environmental pollutants at different concentrations. The results demonstrated that VSRA is suitable for concentration-response analysis of environmental pollutants, opening the possibility to determine the potency and the associated hazard of impaired escape response for the different compounds. Therefore, we suggest that VSRA could be a valuable tool for screening of chemical compounds capable of compromising predator avoidance behavior.
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•The new method enables in vivo medium- to high-throughput screening of pollutants.•Hallmark criteria for escape response habituation were met.•Pharmacological modulation of escape response habituation similar to mammal species•The new method proves sensitive to different concentrations of environment pollutants.
Acute exposure to acrylamide (ACR), a type-2 alkene, may lead to a ataxia, skeletal muscles weakness and numbness of the extremities in human and laboratory animals. In the present manuscript, ACR ...acute neurotoxicity has been characterized in adult zebrafish, a vertebrate model increasingly used in human neuropharmacology and toxicology research. At behavioral level, ACR-treated animals exhibited "depression-like" phenotype comorbid with anxiety behavior. At transcriptional level, ACR induced down-regulation of regeneration-associated genes and up-regulation of oligodendrocytes and reactive astrocytes markers, altering also the expression of genes involved in the presynaptic vesicle cycling. ACR induced also significant changes in zebrafish brain proteome and formed adducts with selected cysteine residues of specific proteins, some of them essential for the presynaptic function. Finally, the metabolomics analysis shows a depletion in the monoamine neurotransmitters, consistent with the comorbid depression and anxiety disorder, in the brain of the exposed fish.
This essay analyzes how Peronist politics explain the emergence of Diego Maradona as a player that represented authentic Argentine football. We explain how the political radicalism popular during his ...formative years impacted his role in affirming Argentina's national style of play. In doing so, this article also engages scholarship that historicizes the myths of his nation's football. We analyze Maradona's development as a historically situated phenomenon, and argue that, through Peronism, he understood this sport as a metaphysical game that expressed class struggle and the emancipatory aspirations of the poor boys who were seen as creators of the national style. By this, we mean that he focused on the ball and the relationship he was able to establish with it to question reality, possibilities, and even its existence, creating an experience for spectators that was different and sublime, that made football more than a sport.
This article analyzes how scientific thinking evolved in Argentina during the 1820s and 1830s. I will focus on liberals’ association of science with the emergence of a new male sensibility that ...feminized the role of men in society. This gendered scientific culture explains how liberals clashed in the 1830s with the policies of the governor of Buenos Aires, Juan Manuel de Rosas, whose hyper masculinist model based on the authority of the father was perceived not only as anti-civilization, but also as anti-science. This association of gender and science helps us to explain how the introduction of Darwinian ideas that seemed to support a more masculinist representation of evolution, now ruled by laws of survival and competition, was perceived as a contradiction of past ideas by the 1870s.
En este ensayo analizaré cómo "animalismo" se convirtió en un concepto crucial en el proceso de transformación de las ideas de raza y género durante el cuarto final del siglo XIX. El ensayo comienza ...explicando cómo los intelectuales de Hispanoamérica asociaron "animalismo" con los debates científicos relacionados con el evolucionismo darwinista, y cómo las ideas que se generaron a partir de este intercambio de ideas originaron normativas raciales y de género que culminaron creando una crisis socio-cultural para el comienzo del siglo XX. En la segunda parte, se analiza cómo las contradicciones que surgieron a raíz de la adopción de la idea de animalismo cambiaron las ideas de raza, género y sexualidad, lo cual afectó el entendimiento de la identidad de la nación a partir del comienzo del siglo XX.
This article explores how the relationship between luxury, consumption and gender in Argentina changed in response to the introduction of Darwinian ideas. Ideas surrounding consumerism were ...transformed by the 1870s, influenced by a scientific revolution that gave new meaning to gender categories. The introduction of Darwinism at a time of extreme ideological confusion about how to organise the nation only enhanced the perceived dangers about how economic changes and the expansion of markets would affect elites' ability to govern. The article focuses specifically on changing perceptions of gender and consumerism between 1830 and 1880, paying particular attention to the work of two of the most important intellectuals of the Generación del '37, Juan B. Alberdi and Domingo F. Sarmiento. By closely examining their reflections on the expansion of markets and accumulation of luxury goods, it reveals the nature of the cultural changes introduced by the Darwinian revolution. Este artículo explora cómo la relación entre lujo, consumo y género en Argentina cambió en respuesta a la introducción de las ideas de Darwin. Las nociones alrededor del consumismo fueron transformadas por los años 1870s, influenciadas por una revolución científica que le dio sentido a las categorías de género. La introducción del darwinismo durante un tiempo de extrema confusión ideológica sobre cómo organizar a la nación sólo realzaron los peligros que se percibían sobre cómo los cambios económicos y la expansión de los mercados habrían de afectar a la capacidad de las elites para gobernar. El artículo se enfoca específicamente en el cambio de percepciones de género y consumismo entre 1830 y 1880, prestando atención especial al trabajo de dos de los intelectuales más importantes de la Generación del 37, Juan B. Alberdi y Domingo F. Sarmiento. Al examinar de cerca sus reflexiones sobre la expansión de los mercados y la acumulación de bienes de lujo, se revela la naturaleza de los cambios culturales introducidos por la revolución darwinista. Palabras clave: Argentina, consumismo, Darwinismo, selección sexual, género Este artigo explora como a relação entre luxo, consumo e gênero na Argentina mudou em resposta à introdução de idéias darwinianas. Até a década de 1870, idéias cercando o consumismo foram transformadas, sendo influenciadas por uma revolução científica que deu novo sentido às categorias de gênero. A introdução do darwinismo numa época de extrema confusão ideológica sobre como organizar uma nação, somente exacerbou os supostos perigos percebidos em relação a como mudanças econômicas e a expansão de mercados abalaria a capacidade das elites de governar. O artigo foca especificamente em mudanças de percepções sobre gênero e consumismo entre 1830 e 1880, prestando atenção especialmente ao trabalho de dois dos mais importantes intelectuais da Generación del ’37, Juan B. Alberdi e Domingo F. Sarmiento. Examinando de perto suas reflexões sobre a expansão de mercados e acúmulo de bens de luxo permite que seja revelada a natureza das mudanças culturais introduzidas pela revolução darwiniana. Palavras-chave: Argentina, consumismo, darwinismo, seleção sexual, gênero.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological hazard of a pharmaceutical effluent before and after treatment. For the former, the determined 96h-LC50 value was 1.2%. The photo-Fenton treatment ...catalyzed with an iron-pillared clay reduced this parameter by 341.7%. Statistically significant increases with respect to the control group (P<0.05) were observed at 12, 24, 48 and 72h in HPC (50.2, 30.4, 66.9 and 43.3%), LPX (22, 83.2, 62.7 and 59.5%) and PCC (14.6, 23.6, 24.4 and 25.6%) and antioxidant enzymes SOD (29.4, 38.5, 32.7 and 49.5%) and CAT (48.4, 50.3, 38.8 and 46.1%) in Hyalella azteca before treatment. Also increases in damage index were observed before treatment of 53.1, 59.9, 66.6 and 72.1% at 12, 24, 48 and 72h, respectively. After treatment the same biomarkers of oxidative stress decreased with respect to before treatment being to HPC (29.3, 22.5, 41.6 and 31.7%); LPX (14.2, 43.1, 30.7 and 35.5%); PCC (12.6, 21.3, 24.2 and 23.9%); SOD (39.2, 33.9, 49.5 and 37.9%) and CAT (28.6, 35.8, 33.7 and 31.7) at 12, 24, 48 and 72h, respectively (P<0.05). The damage index were decreased at 12, 24, 48 and 72h in 48.9, 57.8, 67.3 and 72.1%, respectively. In conclusion, the obtained results demonstrate the need of performing bioassays in order to characterize an effluent before discharge and not base such a decision only upon current normativity. In addition, it was also concluded that the heterogeneous photo-Fenton process decreases the presence of PCT, oxidative stress, genotoxic damage and LC50 in Hyalella azteca.
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•This study aimed to establish the biological efficiency of a photo-Fenton method.•Acute toxicity test and biomarkers of oxidative stress were evaluated before and after treatment.•The applied photo-Fenton process decreased oxidative stress and LC50 in Hyalella azteca.
From man to ape Adriana Novoa, Alex Levine
2010., 2010
eBook
Upon its publication, The Origin of Species was critically embraced in Europe and North America. But how did Darwin’s theories fare in other regions of the world? Adriana Novoa and Alex Levine offer ...here a history and interpretation of the reception of Darwinism in Argentina, illuminating the ways culture shapes scientific enterprise. In order to explore how Argentina’s particular interests, ambitions, political anxieties, and prejudices shaped scientific research, From Man to Ape focuses on Darwin’s use of analogies. Both analogy and metaphor are culturally situated, and by studying scientific activity at Europe’s geographical and cultural periphery, Novoa and Levine show that familiar analogies assume unfamiliar and sometimes startling guises in Argentina. The transformation of these analogies in the Argentine context led science—as well as the interaction between science, popular culture, and public policy—in surprising directions. In diverging from European models, Argentine Darwinism reveals a great deal about both Darwinism and science in general. Novel in its approach and its subject, From Man to Ape reveals a new way of understanding Latin American science and its impact on the scientific communities of Europe and North America.
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