In this paper, we estimate binary compact object merger detection rates for LIGO, including the potentially significant contribution from binaries that are produced in elliptical galaxies near the ...epoch of peak star formation. Specifically, we convolve hundreds of model realizations of elliptical- and spiral-galaxy population syntheses with a model for elliptical- and spiral-galaxy star formation history as a function of redshift. Our results favor local merger rate densities of 4 x 10{sup -3} Mpc{sup -3} Myr{sup -1} for binary black holes (BHs), 3 x 10{sup -2} Mpc{sup -3} Myr{sup -1} for binary neutron stars (NSs), and 10{sup -2} Mpc{sup -3} Myr{sup -1} for BH-NS binaries. We find that mergers in elliptical galaxies are a significant fraction of our total estimate for BH-BH and BH-NS detection rates; NS-NS detection rates are likely dominated by the contribution from spiral galaxies. Limiting attention to elliptical-galaxy plus only those spiral-galaxy models that reproduce current observations of Galactic NS-NS, we find slightly higher rates for NS-NS and largely similar ranges for BH-NS and BH-BH binaries. Assuming a detection signal-to-noise ratio threshold of 8 for a single detector (in practice as part of a network, to reduce its noise), corresponding to radii D {sub bns} of the effective volume inside of which a single LIGO detector could observe the inspiral of two 1.4 M {sub sun} NSs of 14 Mpc and 197 Mpc, for initial and advanced LIGO, we find event rates of any merger type of 2.9 x 10{sup -2}-0.46 and 25-400 yr{sup -1} (at 90% confidence level), respectively. We also find that the probability P {sub detect} of detecting one or more mergers with this single detector can be approximated by (1) P {sub detect} {approx_equal} 0.4 + 0.5 log(T/0.01 yr), assuming D {sub bns} = 197 Mpc and it operates for T yr, for T between 2 days and 0.1 yr, or by (2) P {sub detect} {approx_equal} 0.5 + 1.5 log(D {sub bns}/32 Mpc), for 1 yr of operation and for D {sub bns} between 20 and 70 Mpc.
ABSTRACT
Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo are detecting a large number of binary stellar origin black hole (BH) mergers. A promising channel for accelerated BH merger lies in active galactic nucleus ...(AGN) discs of gas around supermasssive BHs. Here, we investigate the relative number of compact object (CO) mergers in AGN disc models, including BH, neutron stars (NS), and white dwarfs, via Monte Carlo simulations. We find the number of all merger types in the bulk disc grows ∝ t1/3 which is driven by the Hill sphere of the more massive merger component. Median mass ratios of NS–BH mergers in AGN discs are $\tilde{q}=0.07\pm 0.06(0.14\pm 0.07)$ for mass functions (MF) M−1(− 2). If a fraction fAGN of the observed rate of BH–BH mergers (RBH–BH) come from AGN, the rate of NS–BH (NS–NS) mergers in the AGN channel is ${R}_{\mathrm{ BH}\!-\!\mathrm{ NS}} \sim f_{\mathrm{ AGN}}10,300\, \rm {Gpc}^{-3}\, \rm {yr}^{-1},({\mathit{ R}}_{NS\!-\!NS} \le \mathit{ f}_{AGN}400\, \rm {Gpc}^{-3}\, \rm {yr}^{-1}$). Given the ratio of NS–NS/BH–BH LIGO search volumes, from preliminary O3 results the AGN channel is not the dominant contribution to observed NS–NS mergers. The number of lower mass gap events expected is a strong function of the nuclear MF and mass segregation efficiency. CO merger ratios derived from LIGO can restrict models of MF, mass segregation, and populations embedded in AGN discs. The expected number of electromagnetic (EM) counterparts to NS–BH mergers in AGN discs at z < 1 is $\sim 30,900\, {\rm {yr}}^{-1}(f_{\mathrm{ AGN}}/0.1)$. EM searches for flaring events in large AGN surveys will complement LIGO constraints on AGN models and the embedded populations that must live in them.
Tape strips in dermatology research Hughes, A. J.; Tawfik, S. S.; Baruah, K. P. ...
British journal of dermatology (1951),
July 2021, Letnik:
185, Številka:
1
Journal Article
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Summary
Tape strips have been used widely in dermatology research as a minimally invasive method to sample the epidermis, avoiding the need for skin biopsies. Most research has focused on epidermal ...pathology, such as atopic eczema, but there is increasing research into the use of tape strips in other dermatoses, such as skin cancer, and the microbiome. This review summarizes the technique of tape stripping, and discusses which dermatoses have been studied by tape stripping and alternative minimally invasive sampling methods. We review the number of tape strips needed from each patient and the components of the epidermis that can be obtained by tape stripping. With a focus on protein and RNA extraction, we address the techniques used to process tape strips. There is no optimal protocol to extract protein, as this depends on the abundance of the protein studied, its level of expression in the epidermis and its solubility. Many variables can alter the amount of protein obtained from tape strips, which must be standardized to ensure consistency between samples. No study has compared different RNA extraction techniques, but our own experience is that RNA yield is optimized by using 20 tape strips and the use of a cell scraper.
What is already known about this topic?
Tape strips have been widely used in dermatology research as a minimally invasive method to collect epidermal samples.
Tape strips can be used as an alternative to skin biopsies in certain circumstances.
Tape strips can be used to determine protein, RNA, lipid and microbial expression.
There is currently no standardized protocol used for collecting and processing tape strips.
What does this study add?
This review summarizes the technique of tape stripping, what information can be obtained from tape stripping and which dermatoses have been studied by tape stripping.
Evidence regarding different protocols for protein and RNA extraction from tape strips is reviewed.
Maximal RNA yield is obtained from 20 tape strips using a cell scraper.
Cosmological simulations of galaxy formation can produce present-day galaxies with a large range of assembly and star formation histories. A detailed study of the metallicity evolution and star ...formation history of such simulations can assist in predicting Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO)-detectable compact object binary mergers. Recent simulations of compact binary evolution suggest that the compact object merger rate depends sensitively on the progenitor's metallicity. Rare low-metallicity star formation during galaxy assembly can produce more detected compact binaries than typical star formation. Using detailed simulations of galaxy and chemical evolution, we determine how sensitively the compact binary populations of galaxies with a similar present-day appearance depend on the details of their assembly. We also demonstrate by concrete example the extent to which dwarf galaxies overabundantly produce compact binary mergers, particularly binary black holes, relative to more massive galaxies. We discuss the implications for transient multimessenger astronomy with compact binary sources.
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