In the development of the Drosophila central nervous system, some of the neuroblasts designated as neuroglioblasts generate both glia and neurons. Little is known about how neuroglioblasts produce ...these different cell types. NB6-4 in the thoracic segment (NB6-4T) is a neuroglioblast, although the corresponding cell in the abdominal segment (NB6-4A) produces only glia. Here, we describe the cell divisions in the NB6-4T lineage, following changes in cell number and cell arrangement. We also examined successive changes in the expression of glial cells missing (gcm) mRNA and protein, activity of which is known to direct glial fate from the neuronal default state. The first cell division of NB6-4T occurred in the medial-lateral orientation, and was found to bifurcate the glial and neuronal lineage. After division, the medial daughter cell expressed GCM protein to produce three glial cells, while the lateral daughter cell with no GCM expression produced ganglion mother cells, secondary precursors of neurons. Although gcm mRNA was present evenly in the cytoplasm of NB6-4T before the first cell division, it became detected asymmetrically in the cell during mitosis and eventually only in the medial daughter cell. In contrast, NB6-4A showed a symmetrical distribution of gcm mRNA and GCM protein through division. Our observations suggest that mechanisms regulating gcm mRNA expression and its translation play an important role in glial and neuronal lineage bifurcation that results from asymmetric cell division.
•A 3.6MW (−66kV/55A) gyrotron power supply system was developed for the 170GHz ECH system in KSTAR.•The main power supply includes a total of 32 PSM based HV power supply modules.•The voltage ...regulation of individual HV power module and LV power module is 3kV and 0.5kV, respectively.•The gyrotron is protected by means of a fast solid-state switch (MOS-FET).•The HV switching system can turn off the 60kV to the cathode within 3μs in the event of gyrotron faults.
A 3.6MW (66kV/55A) DC power supply system was developed for the 170GHz EC H&CD system in KSTAR. The power supply system consists of a cathode power supply (CPS), an anode power supply (APS) and a body power supply (BPS). The cathode power supply is capable of supplying a maximum voltage of −66kV and a current of 55A to the cathode with respect to the collector using pulse step modulation (PSM). The high voltage switching system for the cathode is made by a fast MOS-FET solid-state switch which can turn off the high voltage to the cathode within 3μs in the occurrence of gyrotron faults. The APS is a voltage divider system consisting of a fixed resistor and zener diode units with the capability of 60kV stand-off voltage. The anode voltage with respect to the cathode is controlled in a range of 0–60kV by turning the MOS-FET switches connected in parallel to each zener diode on and off. For high frequency current modulation of the gyrotron, the parallel discharge switch is introduced between the cathode and anode in order to clamp the charged voltage in the stray capacitance. The BPS is a DC power supply with the capability of 50kV/160mA. The nominal operation parameter of BPS was 23kV and 10mA, respectively, and the voltage output is regulated with a stability of 0.025% of the rated voltage. The series MOS-FET solid-state switch is used for on/off modulation in the body voltage sychronizing with anode voltage. The parallel discharge switch is also introduced between the body and collector for high frequency RF modulation. This paper describes the key features of the high voltage power supply system of the KSTAR 170GHz gyrotron as well as the test results of the power supply.
We investigated cell response, including cell proliferation and expression of heat stress protein and bcl-2, to clarify the influence of low-level gallium-aluminum-arsenide (Ga-Al-As) diode laser ...irradiation on Par-C10 cells derived from the acinar cells of rat parotid glands. Furthermore, we also investigated amylase release and cell death from irradiation in acinar cells from rat parotid glands. The number of Par-C10 cells in the laser-irradiated groups was higher than that in the non-irradiated group at days 5 and 7, and the difference was statistically significant (
P
< 0.01). Greater expression of heat shock protein (HSP)25 and bcl-2 was seen on days 1 and 3 in the irradiated group. Assay of the released amylase showed no significant difference statistically between the irradiated group and the non-irradiated group. Trypan blue exclusion assay revealed that there was no difference in the ratio of dead to live cells between the irradiated and the non-irradiated groups. These results suggest that low-level laser irradiation promotes cell proliferation and expression of anti-apoptosis proteins in Par-C10 cells, but it does not significantly affect amylase secretion and does not induce rapid cell death in isolated acinar cells from rat parotid glands.
Twenty-seven strains of Rhizopus oryzae accumulating predominantly lactic acid were shown to possess two ldh genes, ldhA and ldhB, encoding NAD-dependent lactate dehydrogenases. Variation in ...nucleotide sequence was identified for each gene from different strains, and similar phylogenetic trees were obtained based on the nucleotide sequences of both genes. The other 21 strains of R. oryzae accumulating predominantly fumaric and malic acids contained a single ORF of ldhB. Compared to the strains accumulating predominantly lactic acid, a lower degree of sequence divergence was found in ldhB, resulting in a separate cluster in the phylogenetic tree. The high similarity (>90%) spanning the ORF and adjacent regions demonstrates that ldhA and ldhB are derived from the same ancestor gene. The strains accumulating predominantly fumaric and malic acids lack functional ldhA, which plays a role in lactic acid synthesis and may form a lineage separated from the strains accumulating predominantly lactic acid in the genus Rhizopus.
Immunoreactivity of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in 38 schwannomas and 18 neurofibromas was evaluated and compared with the reactivity of vimentin, S-100 protein, and neurofilament protein. ...All cases were positive for vimentin and S-100 protein. GFAP was positively stained in the neoplastic cells of 15 of 38 schwannomas (38%) and in two of 18 neurofibromas (11%). The extensively stained GFAP-positive tumors tended to be deeply situated in the body. The GFAP-positive cells were usually spindle-shaped and appeared preferentially in the perivascular region of hyalinized, thick blood vessels.
Bali cattle is an indigenous spesies in Bali, which pay great attention due to its uniqueness. Numerousarticles have been published on Bali cattle especially related to its disease, nutritional ...requirement forgrowth and domestication. Nevertherless, it was no any report has been published on the lactic acidbacteria (LAB) assosiated with the cattles raw milk and its potential used as probiotic. This work isaimed to identify LAB isolated from bali cattle raw milk and its resistance to secondary bile acid (sodiumdeoxy cholic), a prequisite in development of probiotic for human. The results revealed that based upon thehomology studies of the variable region I, II, and III sequences of the 16S rDNA showed that 44 out of 62isolates were closely related to Pediococcus acidilactici; 11 out of 62 isolats were closely related to Enterococusgallinarum, five out of 62 isolates were closely related to Lactococcus garvieae, while only one isolate was closely related to Lactobacillus plantarum and Weisella confusa. Some isolates showed resistant to 0.2-0.6mM deoxy cholic acid, which might be also resist in human gastrointestinal tract conditions. Based onthose finding, it can be concluded that the LAB associated with raw bali cattle milk were closey related toP. acidilactici, E. gallinarum, Lac. garvieae, Lb. plantarum and W. confusa, which different from thosecommonly LAB found in others cattle raw milk. Somes isolates were potential to be developed as probioticfrom human helath.
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