The diversity of secondary metabolites of individual plants results from multiple enzymatic processes in planta and various environmental factors, such as temperature, moisture, and soil conditions. ...Chemical composition analysis of plants can lead to a new method to understand relationship among comparable plants along with biological classification such as genetic and anatomical method. In this study, the chemical diversity of nine different Lauraceae species was investigated, and the plant samples were chemically analyzed and classified. Multivariate analysis methods, such as PLS-DA, were used to select important metabolites distinguishing the nine Lauraceae species. The selected metabolites were identified through preparative LC-MS or MS/MS fragment pattern analysis. In addition, the chemical dendrogram for the nine Lauraceae species was interpreted through molecular network analysis and compared with the genetic dendrogram. This approach enabled us to compare the complete chemical compositions of multiple plant samples to identify relationships among plants.
This study examines articulatory and acoustic data in order to investigate the non-coalescence of /h/ in South Jeolla. Seoul Korean speakers produce /pap/ “rice” followed by /hana/ “one” as pa.pha.na ...with the coalescence of /p/ and /h/; this is called an aspiration merger. In South Jeolla Korean, this merger may be blocked, as in cases where speakers produce /pap+hana/ as pa.ba.na. Electroglottographic (EGG) data indicate the existence of two groups of South Jeolla speakers: one that merges the plosive and /h/ (the merger group), and the other with the canonical South Jeolla Korean pronunciation that does not merge the two consonants (the non-merger group). The production of non-coalesced lenis stops in the non-merger group is phonetically comparable with an underlying lenis stop produced by both of the groups. However, in the non-merger group, the open quotient (OQ) of a vowel following a non-coalesced lenis stop is higher (breathier) than that of an underlying lenis stop. Spectral tilt results display a similarly increased breathiness when the vowel follows a non-coalesced lenis stop. As for the non-merger group of South Jeolla, we argue that speakers display incomplete neutralization such that the non-merger group produces two types of voiced lenis stops differing in the phonation of the following vowel. These findings suggest that previous phonological analyses that posit the /h/-deletion in the non-merger group of South Jeolla Korean need to be revisited.
Chinese chive (
) is a medicinal food that is cultivated and consumed mainly in Asian countries. Its various phytochemicals and physiological effects have been reported, but only a few phytochemicals ...are available for skeletal muscle cell proliferation. Herein, we isolated a new compound, kaempferol-3-
-(6″-feruloyl)-sophoroside (
), along with one known flavonoid glycoside (
) and six amino acid (
-
) compounds from the water-soluble fraction of the shoot of the Chinese chive. The isolated compounds were identified using extensive spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR, and evaluated for their proliferation activity on skeletal muscle cells. Among the tested compounds, newly isolated flavonoid (
) and 5-aminouridine (
) up-regulated PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways, which implies a positive effect on skeletal muscle growth and differentiation. In particular, compound
down-regulated the Smad pathways, which are negative regulators of skeletal muscle growth. Collectively, we suggest that major constituents of Chinese chive, flavonoids and amino acids, might be used in dietary supplements that aid skeletal muscle growth.
This study used the National Emergency Department Information System (NEDIS) data to analyze the flow of emergency and critical emergency patients and to identify the patterns of emergency medical ...service usage in Korea.
The relevance index (RI) and commitment index (CI) were calculated from the 2016 NEDIS data. In this study, the number of clusters was determined using NbClust, and cluster analysis was used to analyze the usage patterns of emergency and critical emergency patients.
The RI and CI were calculated using 8,389,766 cases of 214 districts. The results of the RI and CI suggested that there were 3 types of clusters among the emergency patients. In Cluster 1, 54 districts (25.2%) had low RI and high CI, and it was of outflow type. Cluster 2 was categorized as the influx-type in 58 districts (27.1%) irrespective of RI and low CI. Cluster 3 was categorized as the self-sufficient type found in 102 districts (47.7%), with high RI and high CI. The cluster analysis of the critical emergency patients was divided into 2 types. Cluster 1 was categorized as outflow type with high CI found in 129 districts (60.3%), while Cluster 2 was categorized as inflow type with low CI found in 85 districts (39.7%).
This study elucidates the regional status of usage patterns of emergency and critical emergency patients in Korea. This study might serve as a basis for the establishment and selection of emergency medical service areas and vulnerable emergency medical service areas.
Three new compounds, (3
S
)-dihydrobonducellin 8-O-β-
d
-glucopyranoside (
1
), 3′,5′-dimethoxy-jezonolid (
2
), and latisilinoid (
3
), along with 16 known compounds, were isolated from the twigs of
...Caesalpinia latisiliqua
(Leguminosae). The known compounds were identified as flavonoids, stilbenes, and phenolics as determined by extensive spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR. All the isolated compounds were evaluated for their antiviral activity in HRV1B-, CVB3-, and EV71-infected cells. Among the tested compounds, three flavonoids (
4
–
6
) and two stilbenes (
12
and
14
) exhibited significant antiviral activity. This is the first phytochemical investigation of
C. latisiliqua
twigs.
In the course of screening for microbes with antifungal activity, we found that the culture filtrate of the IUM00035 isolate exhibited strong antifungal activity against
and
. Based on the ...phylogenetic analysis with the ITS region, the IUM00035 isolate was identified as
. To identify antifungal compounds from the
IUM00035 isolate, the culture filtrate of the isolate was partitioned with ethyl acetate and
-butanol and, consequently, two active compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were determined as crinipellin A (
) and a new crinipellin derivative, crinipellin I (
), by NMR spectral analyses and a comparison of their NMR and MS data with those reported in the literature. Crinipellin A (
) exhibited a wide range of antifungal activity in vitro against
,
,
, and
(MICs = 1, 8, 31, and 31 µg/mL, respectively). Furthermore, when plants were treated with crinipellin A (
) (500 µg/mL) prior to inoculation with fungal pathogens, crinipellin A (
) exhibited disease control values of 88%, 65%, and 60% compared with non-treatment control against tomato late blight, pepper anthracnose, and wheat leaf rust, respectively. In contrast to crinipellin A (
), crinipellin I (
) showed weak or no activity (MICs > 250 µg/mL). Taken together, our results show that the
IUM00035 isolate suppresses the development of plant fungal diseases, in part through the production of crinipellin A (
).
Metabolomics is a useful tool for comparing metabolite changes in plants. Because of its high sensitivity, metabolomics combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) is the most widely ...accepted metabolomics tools. In this study, we compared the metabolites of pathogen-infected rice (
) with control rice using an untargeted metabolomics approach. We profiled the mass features of two rice groups using a liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS) system. Twelve of the most differentially induced metabolites in infected rice were selected through multivariate data analysis and identified through a mass spectral database search. The role of these compounds in metabolic pathways was finally investigated using pathway analysis. Our study showed that the most frequently induced secondary metabolites are prostanoids, a subclass of eicosanoids, which are associated with plant defense metabolism against pathogen infection. Herein, we propose a new untargeted metabolomics approach for understanding plant defense system at the metabolic level.
This study examined L3 stops produced by two groups of L3 learners, KEJ speakers (L1 Korean/L2 English/L3 Japanese) and JEK speakers (L1 Japanese/L2 English/L3 Korean), with varying levels of L2 and ...L3 proficiency. The learners produced L2 and L3 stops in word-initial position, and the VOTs and F0 of their L3 stops were compared to those of monolingual speakers. This study had four main findings. First, JEK speakers produced native-like L3-Korean aspirated stops in terms of VOT when they are advanced L2 speakers. This is known as the positive L2 effect. Second, KEJ speakers proficient in both L2 and L3 produced native-like voiced and voiceless stops in L3-Japanese in terms of VOT. Third, the disparities in outcomes between JEK and KEJ speakers with respect to the L2 effect were due to the typological similarities between L1 and L2. Finally, both JEK and KEJ speakers produced native-like L3 stops in terms of F0 only after acquiring advanced proficiency in both L2 and L3. These findings suggest that the interaction between L2 and L3 proficiency levels and L1 and L2 typological similarities affects the production of L3 stops.
•Demonstrates the role of orthography in Korean loanword adaptation.•Uses information theory to measure orthographic influence.•Proposes orthographic influence is strongest where perception is ...indeterminate.
Loanword adaptation has yielded many insights into the relationship between speech perception and the phonological grammar. Evidence is now mounting that orthographic effects on loanword adaptation may be more prevalent than was once thought (cf. Paradis and LaCharité, 2002; Vendelin and Peperkamp, 2006), partially obscuring phonological effects. This paper investigates orthographic effects in the adaptation of vowels of English words loaned into Korean. Experiment I uses information-theoretic statistics, called the orthographic and perceptual information gains, to estimate a lower bound on the contribution of orthography and perception to vowel adaptation. The results suggest that orthography contributes more to the adaptation of unstressed vowels, while perception contributes more to the adaptation of stressed vowels. Experiment II considers the adaptation of the /ɛ/∼/æ/ contrast; these vowels have merged recently in Korean although the orthographic distinction is maintained. The paper concludes by proposing the Perceptual Uncertainty Hypothesis: source-loan orthographic alignment plays the greatest role in constraining loanword adaptation when phonological parsing in the borrowing language is underdetermined by perceptual factors alone.
Recent assessments of the correlations between food and medicine underscore the importance of functional foods in disease prevention and management. Functional foods offer health benefits beyond ...basic nutrition, with fresh fruits and vegetables being particularly prominent because of their rich polyphenol content. In this study, we elucidated the phytochemicals in ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum), a globally consumed vegetable, using an LC-QTOF/MS-based untargeted detection method. The phytochemicals were clustered based on their structural similarity using molecular networking and annotated using the in silico tool for network annotation propagation. To identify the bioactive compounds, eight compounds were isolated from ice plant extracts. These compounds were identified using extensive spectroscopic methods, including 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Additionally, we evaluated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of all the isolates. Among the tested compounds, three showed antioxidant activity and all eight showed anti-inflammatory activity, demonstrating the potential of ice plant as a functional food.
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