We experimentally characterized a birefringent side-hole microstructured fiber in the visible wavelength region. The spectral dependence of the group and phase modal birefringence was measured using ...the methods of spectral interferometry. The phase modal birefringence of the investigated fiber increases with wavelength, but its positive sign is opposite to the sign of the group modal birefringence. We also measured the sensing characteristics of the fiber using a method of tandem spectral interferometry. Spectral interferograms corresponding to different values of a physical parameter were processed to retrieve the spectral phase functions and to determine the spectral dependence of polarimetric sensitivity to strain, temperature and hydrostatic pressure. A negative sign of the polarimetric sensitivity was deduced from the simulation results utilizing the known modal birefringence dispersion of the fiber. Our experimental results show that the investigated fiber has a very high polarimetric sensitivity to hydrostatic pressure, reaching -200 rad x MPa(-1) x m(-1) at 750 nm.
Today, social exclusion is a multidimensional phenomenon that penetrates many aspects of our lives. Social exclusion does not refer only to a situation in which individuals or social groups do not ...have equal access to, inter alia, material resources, but more and more often it is related to the inability to fully participate in social, economic, political and cultural life as a result of the lack of access to resources, goods and institutions, limitation of social rights and deprivation of needs. This term also describes a situation in which a given individual, being a member of society, cannot naturally fully meet his/her needs, interests or, for example, use tourist services and participate in various related activities. At the same time, each of us has the right to practice tourism without any barriers, regardless of sexual orientation, age, social origin, or degree of disability, etc. The aim of this article is to analyse the problem of exclusion from tourist services based on the example of selected social groups (prisoners, seniors, children and youth, the disabled) and the presentation of inclusive activities of various institutions and organisations in Poland and around the world. The conducted research has shown that, fortunately for the surveyed excluded groups, there are various effective programs and projects offered by entities and organisations established for this purpose.
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie różnych działań podejmowanych przez hotele biznesowe, które wpisują się w założenia turystyki zrównoważonej. Na podstawie analizy treści portali internetowych, ...materiałów promocyjnych oraz dokumentów związanych z rozwojem turystyki zrównoważonej autorzy zidentyfikowali najnowsze zjawiska i trendy w zakresie zrównoważonych ofert i usług przeznaczonych dla turystów biznesowych, wskazując szereg dobrych praktyk w tym zakresie. Dane będące podstawą analizy zebrano w kwietniu 2022 r. Dotyczą one następujących grup hoteli: Alila Hotels & Resorts, Beachcomber Resorts & Hotels, Marriott International oraz Scandic Hotels. Badanie wykazało, że hotele te podejmują różnorodne zrównoważone działania oraz z powodzeniem angażują się w programy prośrodowiskowe, proekologiczne i prospołeczne. W ten sposób umacniają swoją markę oraz uzyskują przewagę konkurencyjną na rynku usług biznesowych. Opierając się na przykładach działań zrównoważonych stosowanych przez powyższe hotele, autorzy zaproponowali szereg pomysłów, które można by wdrożyć w hotelach biznesowych w Polsce.
The strain sensitivity of a two-mode birefringent side-hole fiber is measured in the spectral domain. In a simple experimental setup comprising a broadband source, a polarizer, a two-mode ...birefringent side-hole fiber under varied elongations, an analyzer and a compact spectrometer, the spectral interferograms are resolved. These are characterized by the equalization wavelength at which spectral interference fringes have the highest visibility (the largest period) due to the zero group optical path difference between the fundamental, the LP01 mode and the higher-order, the LP11 mode. The spectral interferograms with the equalization wavelength are processed to retrieve the phase as a function of the wavelength. From the retrieved phase functions corresponding to different elongations of a two-mode birefringent side-hole fiber under test, the spectral strain sensitivity is obtained. Using this approach, the intermodal spectral strain sensitivity was measured for both x and y polarizations. Moreover, the spectral polarimetric sensitivity to strain was measured for the fundamental mode when a birefringent delay line was used in tandem with the fiber. Its spectral dependence was also compared with that obtained from a shift of the spectral interferograms not including the equalization wavelength, and good agreement was confirmed.
The dynamic development and evolution that tourism has recently undergone and its growing importance made it become an important element of the policy of today’s countries in various walks of social, ...economic and political life. As tourism is one of the largest industries in the world, most countries recognized the leading role in their economies, establishing in this regard the administrative structure of the national tourism organizations (NTOs). NTOs are responsible for the marketing and promotion of countries, improving the tourist image of a given country and supporting existing or developing new tourism products. At the same time, governments are increasingly realizing that tourism should develop in accordance with the principles of sustainable development and be integrated with the natural, cultural and social environment of these countries. This article presents the activities of selected national tourism organizations (NTOs) in terms of their role in developing the potential of sustainable tourism (and within it sustainable transport) in their countries. The aim of the article is to review the promotional activities undertaken by NTOs operating in countries such as Austria, Cyprus, Grenada, Guatemala, Norway and Indonesia. The article is an overview, and the following sources were used to prepare it: official websites of the organizations, reports, promotional materials and any documents related to the operation of the studied NTOs in the field of sustainable tourism and sustainable transport development (e.g., tourism development strategies, tourism product development strategies, projects and programs). The choice of these countries for the analysis was dictated by the fact that they have outstanding natural and cultural assets that make up the product potential for sustainable tourism and the very responsible, diverse and long-term promotional and marketing activities undertaken by the NTOs (e.g., promotional campaigns). Such prudent treatment of own resources and sustainable potential may also contribute to these countries gaining a competitive advantage over other destinations in the world (e.g., increase in interest from tourists). The activities and promotional campaigns cited in the article as well as the solutions proposed by NTOs can also become excellent examples of good practice for other destinations in the world. The research has also shown that the studied countries (and their national tourism organizations) clearly support the development of sustainable tourism and sustainable transport through their national tourism policies.
We report on a simple processing procedure to retrieve the phase from spectral interferograms including a stationary-phase point. First, the numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate high ...precision of the phase retrieval from the spectral interferogram. Second, the feasibility of the procedure is confirmed in processing the experimental data from a dispersive Michelson interferometer comprising a cube beam splitter and a plate made of BK7 optical glass. From the retrieved spectral phase, the effective thickness of the BK7 optical glass is determined precisely.
Mentally strenuous experiences related to malignant tumour may cause adverse changes in the patient’s personality and inhibit her/his effective remedial activity. This study concerns the correlation ...between malignant tumour and such psychological variables as personality and coping with stress by patients after mastectomy, as compared to the control group. The research was conducted among 37 women after mastectomy and 24 healthy women. They were 42–76 years old. The NEO Five Factor Personality Inventory (NEO-FFI) and Coping Orientations to Problems Experienced – COPE were used in this study. The results indicate that there is a correlation between the basic personality traits and the ways of coping with stress by women who experienced mastectomy and by healthy women. Among women who suffered from malignant tumour the dispositional personality factors have a greater impact on choosing the ways of coping with stress, as compared to women from the control group. Experiences related to malignant tumour may – through personality – modify the ways of coping with difficulties. Some of the basic personality traits, such as neuroticism, may inhibit remedial adaptation, while extraversion, conscientiousness and agreeableness – support adaptation.
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