We present a novel method for determining chromatic dispersion profile from a broadband spectral interferogram obtained by using a white-light interferometry technique. The proposed method is based ...on direct calculations of a second derivative of the registered spectral intensity at extremal points, which in result gives a spectral phase difference derivative further used for dispersion determining. Although the method is best suited for processing interferograms with modulation around a zero level (zero-mean value interferograms) and slowly changing envelope, the conducted numerical tests show that it is highly tolerable to different types of perturbations of the input interference signal. The proposed method can be applied both to spectral interferograms with monotonically changing phase difference as well as containing stationary phase difference points. We demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method in measurements of chromatic dispersion of commercially available samples like the BK7 glass plate and the Corning SMF-28 optical fiber.
The dynamic growth and evolution of tourism in recent times and its growing importance for the economies of many countries has been drastically hampered by the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has not ...only affected tourism through travel restrictions and the associated difficulties faced by the tourism industry, but it has also changed people’s tourism preferences (mass tourism has been replaced by more sustainable tourism), as well as their motives for undertaking tourism. The aim of this study is to assess students’ views on the role of the COVID-19 pandemic in shaping their tourism experiences and beliefs about the future of tourism in the perspective of the pandemic and its global implications. The issue is of interest given the young age of the study participants and the belief that they are key influencers in shaping the image of global tourism in the post-pandemic period. The participants of this study were 196 students from higher education institutions in Gdansk, representing both tourism- and non-tourism-related majors. The aim of this study was achieved using the diagnostic survey method, collecting information about the respondents’ beliefs based on a research tool in the form of a survey questionnaire. The results suggest that tourism activities and students’ motives for engaging in them may change after the pandemic expires compared to before COVID-19. In general, studying tourism is associated with moderate attitudes towards the aftermath of the coronavirus compared to the more radical responses of students who do not study tourism. A limitation of this pilot study was the geographical restriction of the respondents to the Polish population, which makes it difficult at this stage to draw more generalized conclusions.
This study aims to determine the effects of crops and their cultivation regimes on changes in the soil microbiome. Three plant species were selected for the study: Triticum aestivum, Brassica napus, ...and Pisum sativum ssp. arvense, that were cultivated in soils with a similar particle size fraction. Field experiments were performed on the area of the Iławski Lake District (north-eastern Poland) at the Production and Experimental Station ‘Bałcyny’ (53°35′49″ N, 19°51′20″ E). In soil samples counts, organotrophic bacteria and actinobacteria were quantified, and the colony development index (CD) and ecophysiological diversity index (EP) were computed. In addition, a 16S amplicon sequencing encoding gene was conducted based on the hypervariable region V3–V4. Further analyses included an evaluation of the basic physiochemical properties of the soil and the activities of dehydrogenases, catalase, urease, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, arylsulfatase, and β-glucosidase. Analyses carried out in the study demonstrated that the rhizosphere of Triticum aestivum had a more beneficial effect on bacteria development than those of Brassica napus and Pisum sativum ssp. arvense, as indicated by the values of the ecophysiological diversity index (EP) and OTU abundance calculated for individual taxa in the soils in which the studied crops were grown. More OTUs of the taxa Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Clostridia, Sphingomonadales, Rhodospirillales, Xanthomonadales, Streptomycetaceae, Pseudonocardiaceae, Acetobacteraceae, Solibacteraceae, Kaistobacter, Cohnella, Azospirillum, Cryptosporangium, Rhodoplanes, and Saccharopolyspora were determined in the bacteriome structure of the soil from Triticum aestivum cultivation than in the soils from the cultivation of Brassica napus and Pisum sativum ssp. arvense. Also, the activities of most of the analyzed enzymes, including urease, catalase, alkaline phosphatase, β-glucosidase, and arylsulfatase, were the higher in the soil sown with Triticum aestivum than in those with the other two plant species.
Various diagnostic methods were used to evaluate the effect of fungicide protection on the prevalence of pathogenic fungi in wheat grain. Winter wheat cv. Nutka and Zyta was grown during a field ...experiment established in the Production and Experimental Station in Bałcyny in 2006–2007. The experimental factor was chemical crop protection: epoxiconazole, kresoxim-methyl and fenpropimorph applied at growth stages BBCH 33–35 as well as dimoxystrobin and epoxiconazole applied at BBCH 51–53. In this experiment, microscopic observations and conventional PCR assays were used as complementary methods. The quantification of Fusarium poae DNA by qPCR demonstrated the effectiveness of chemical protection against the analyzed fungal species. Lower monthly precipitation levels and higher daily temperatures intensified grain infections, in particular those caused by F. poae. A significant correlation was determined between the number of F. poae cultures isolated from winter wheat grain and the quantity of pathogenic DNA in grain identified by qPCR. Grain infections caused by F. poae lowered yield and thousand seed weight.
This paper presents a linear dependence of temperature sensitivity in Rayleigh scattering-based optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) on the concentration of germanium in the fiber core. ...Eight different commercially available single-mode fibers have been investigated and compared with the standard SMF-28 Corning fiber. We have experimentally analyzed the influence of germanium concentration in the fiber core, the protective coating, the degree of reduction of the fiber cladding's diameter, and the amount of humidity on Rayleigh backscatter in response to temperatures ranging from 10-90°C. Maximum sensitivity was 1.343 GHz/°C for 20.78 mol % of the germanium-doped bare fiber and it does not depend on changes in humidity. The experimental results were compared and qualitatively agreed with the numerical simulations.
Wykluczenie społeczne (ekskluzja) nie dotyczy jedynie braku zasobów materialnych oraz niezdolności do uczestnictwa w społeczeństwie konsumpcyjnym, ale obejmuje także niewystarczające i nierówne ...uczestnictwo w życiu społecznym, ekonomicznym, politycznym i kulturowym w wyniku braku dostępu do zasobów, dóbr i instytucji, ograniczenia praw społecznych i deprywacji potrzeb oraz dostępu do kultury. Wykluczenie społeczne jest zjawiskiem wielowymiarowym. Termin ten określa również sytuację, w której dana jednostka będąca członkiem społeczeństwa nie może normalnie uczestniczyć w działaniach obywatelskich, realizować w pełni swoich potrzeb, zainteresowań czy też podejmować aktywności fizycznej (rekreacyjnej, sportowej, turystycznej). Celem artykułu jest analiza działań w postaci projektów realizowanych przez ośrodki pomocy społecznej w Polsce (341 placówek) w zakresie sportu, rekreacji i turystyki (aktywności fizyczne), skierowanych do osób wykluczonych - bezrobotnych. Wyniki badań potwierdziły, że działania realizowane przez ośrodki w znaczący sposób mogą przyczyniać się do włączenia tych osób w nurt życia społecznego oraz wzbudzenia w nich poczucia przynależności.(abstrakt oryginalny)
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