ABSTRACT
A new CO$^+$ fluorescence emission model for analysing cometary spectra is presented herein. Accurate line lists are produced using the PGOPHER software for all transitions between the three ...electronic states (X $^2\Sigma$, A $^2\Pi$, B $^2\Sigma$) with vibrational states up to $v_\textrm {max} = 9, 8, 6$, respectively, and maximum rotational states with rotational quantum numbers $N\le 20$. As a result of improved molecular constants and theoretical transition rates, an expansion of the utilized solar spectrum into the infrared, and the substantial expansion of the included rovibronic states, the model provides an update of the fluorescence efficiencies of the CO$^+$ cation. The dependencies on heliocentric velocity and distance are explicitly included. We report, for the first time, quantification of the fluorescence efficiencies for the ground state rovibrational transitions of CO$^+$ and predict the positions and relative intensities of CO$^+$ lines in windows accessible to both ground- and space-based observatories. The computed fluorescence efficiencies show excellent agreement with UV/optical observations of both C/2016 R2 (PanSTARRS) and 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1. The updated fluorescence efficiencies allow for revised N$_2$/CO abundances for comets 1P/Halley, C/1987 P1 (Bradfield), and C/2016 R2 (PanSTARRS), which can change by up to 30 per cent when accounting for recent improvements to CO$^+$ and N$_2^+$ fluorescence efficiencies. The model code, input files, and fluorescence efficiencies are publicly available and distributed on permanent archives for future uses in cometary analyses.
The processes of electron impact induced fluorescence of nitrogen were studied in the electron energy range from 6 to 100 eV and in the spectral range from 330 to 1030 nm. Using the new CCD camera a ...Spectral Electron Energy Map of N
2
was obtained. This type of data for such a wide spectral and energy range are published for the first time. The most intensive molecular emission bands were neutral nitrogen First positive system N
2
(B
3
Π
g
− A
3
∑
u
+
) and Second positive system N
2
(C
3
Π
u
− B
3
Π
g
), First negative system N
2
+
(B
2
∑
u
+
− X
2
∑
g
+
) and Meinel system N
2
+
(A
2
Π
u
− X
2
∑
g
+
). The detected lower intensity transitions were Gaydon-Herman singlet system N
2
(
1
Σ
u
+
− a
1
Π
g
/
1
Π
u
+
− a
1
Π
g
) and Gaydon-Green system N
2
(H
3
Φ
u
− G
3
Δ
g
). In addition, processes of dissociative excitation and ionisation were observed, resulting in the photon emission from the neutral and singly ionised nitrogen atoms. The provided Spectral Electron Energy Map allows extraction of (i) electron energy resolved emission spectra of N
2
and determination of the absolute values of excitation-emission cross sections, (ii) excitation-emission functions for any of the molecular bands or atomic lines present in the spectra.
Graphic Abstract
We studied the dissociation reactions of electron impact on water vapor for several fragment species at optical and near-ultraviolet wavelengths (200-850 nm). The resulting spectrum is dominated by ...the hydrogen Balmer series, by the OH (A 2 + − X 2 ) band, and by the emission of ionic H2O+(A 2A1 − X 2B1) and OH+(A 3 − X 3 −) band systems. Emission cross sections and reaction channel thresholds were determined for energies between 5 and 100 eV. We find that the electron impact dissociation of H2O results in an emission spectrum of the OH (A 2 + − X 2 ) band that is distinctly different from the emission spectra from other excitation mechanisms seen in planetary astronomy. We attribute the change to a strongly non-thermal population of rotational states seen in planetary astronomy. This difference can be utilized for remote probing of the contribution of different physical reactions in astrophysical environments.
Abstract
Two papers recently reported the detection of gaseous nickel and iron in the comae of over 20 comets from observations collected over two decades, including interstellar comet 2I/Borisov. To ...evaluate the state of the laboratory data in support of these identifications, we reanalyzed archived spectra of comet C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake), one of the nearest and brightest comets of the past century, using a combined experimental and computational approach. We developed a new, many-level fluorescence model that indicates that the fluorescence emissions of Fe I and Ni I vary greatly with heliocentric velocity. Combining this model with laboratory spectra of an Fe-Ni plasma, we identified 22 lines of Fe I and 14 lines of Ni I in the spectrum of Hyakutake. Using Haser models, we estimate the nickel and iron production rates as
Q
Ni
= (2.6–4.1) × 10
22
s
−1
and
Q
Fe
= (0.4–2.8) × 10
23
s
−1
. From derived column densities, the Ni/Fe abundance ratio log
10
Ni/Fe = −0.15 ± 0.07 deviates significantly from solar abundance ratios, and it is consistent with the ratios observed in solar system comets. Possible production and emission mechanisms are analyzed in the context of existing laboratory measurements. Based on the observed spatial distributions, excellent fluorescence model agreement, and Ni/Fe ratio, our findings support an origin consisting of a short-lived unknown parent followed by fluorescence emission. Our models suggest that the strong heliocentric velocity dependence of the fluorescence efficiencies can provide a meaningful test of the physical process responsible for the Fe I and Ni I emission.
Schizophrenia is a severe condition that affects approximately 1% of the population. Certain elements of antipsychotic treatment can only be examined in large population, thus the need for ...population-based real-world analyses has been increasing.
Hungarian National Health Fund database includes all healthcare data of the population of Hungary. All patients diagnosed with schizophrenia between 01.01.2006 and 31.12.2015 were included in the study. We analyzed all patients with newly initiated second-generation antipsychotic during the inclusion period (01.01.2012-31.12.2013). Patients were followed for 2 years. All-cause treatment discontinuation served as the primary outcome of the study. Patients with newly initiated long-acting injectable treatments were further investigated in stratified analyses based on their previous treatment.
106,624 patients had schizophrenia diagnosis during the study period. 12,232 patients met the inclusion criteria for newly initiating second-generation antipsychotic during the inclusion period. The proportion of patients still on treatment after 1 year for oral treatments varied between 17% (oral risperidone) and 31% (oral olanzapine) while the analogous data for long acting injectables were between 32% (risperidone long acting) and 64% (paliperidone long acting one monthly). The 2-year data were similarly in favor of long-actings. Median time to discontinuation in the oral group varied between 57 days (clozapine) and 121 days (olanzapine). The median time to discontinuation for long-actings was significantly longer: between 176 and 287 days; in case of paliperidone long acting, median was not reached during the observation period. Patients receiving long-acting treatment switched from another long-acting remained on the newly initiated treatment significantly longer than those switched from orals.
Our results indicate the superiority of second generation long-acting antipsychotics with regard to rates of treatment discontinuation and periods of persistence to the assigned medication.
In this study the 2nd positive system of nitrogen (2PS N2) (N2: C3Πu→B3Πg) was examined by electron induced fluorescence (EIF) method. The new crossed electron–molecular beam apparatus was used to ...study this system. The electron beam of approximately 90nA produced by trochoidal electron monochromator was colliding with molecular beam in the reaction chamber. The pressure of N2 in the chamber was in the range of 1×10−4mbar. EIF emission spectra of 2PS N2 were measured in range 280–440nm at incident electron energy 14eV. In the EIF spectra 25 various transitions have been identified. For 19 of them the excitation curves were measured in the electron energy range from 6 to 40eV. For each of the maximum has been determined by fitting procedure.
We conducted a matched-cohort study to assess mortality in schizophrenia and the relationship of mortality with comorbid somatic conditions and suicide attempts.
A full-population register-based ...prospective matched-cohort study was performed including all eligible patients with schizophrenia in Hungary between 01/01/2005 and 31/12/2013. Control subjects were individually matched to patients with schizophrenia at a 5:1 ratio. The principal outcome measure was death due to any reason. A non-parametric approach was used for descriptive statistical purposes, the Kaplan-Meier model for survival analysis, and the Cox proportional-hazards regression model for inferential statistics.
Patients with schizophrenia (n=65,169) had substantially higher risk of all-cause mortality than the control subjects (n=325,435) (RR=2.4; P<0.0001). Comorbidities and suicide attempts were associated with significantly increased mortality in both groups. As compared to the controls, 20-year old males with schizophrenia had a shorter life expectancy by 11.5years, and females by 13.7years; the analogous numbers for 45-year old schizophrenics were 8.1 and 9.6years, respectively.
A significant mortality gap – mainly associated with somatic comorbidities – was detected between patients with schizophrenia and individually matched controls. Improved medical training to address the disparity in mortality, and many other factors including lack of resources, access to and model of medical care, lifestyle, medication side effects, smoking, stigma, need for early intervention and adequate health care organization could help to better address the physical health needs of patients with schizophrenia.
OBJECTIVES: Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the first most common malignancy in men and the second most common leading source of cancer deaths in Europe. The majority of the patients undergoing ...radical prostatectomy (RP) are under the age of 70 years. In this study we examined overall survival of patients with RP and compared to an age-matched general population of patients with PC. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study from 2002 to 2013 using the database of the Hungarian National Health Insurance Found Administration which comprises longitudinal claims data for the whole population. Patients with PC were selected through a multi-step process based on international classification codes of PC and having either androgen-deprivation therapy or radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy. RP patients were matched 1:1 to general PC controls with no RP via propensity score matching to balance age and presence of bone metastasis. We compared overall survival using Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression model. RESULTS: Altogether 50,392 men with prostate cancer were identified during the whole study period and 5,590 of them had RP. In patients with and without RP, mean (SD) age was 60.5 (6.1) and 71.9 (8.5) years and 221 (4.0%) and 3,170 (7.1%) patients had bone metastasis, respectively. In the matched control sample (n=5,590), mean age was 60.5 (6.0) years and 231 (4.1%) patients had bone metastasis. Our results showed that RP had better survival benefit (Log-rank p<0.001) and improved overall 3-year (95.3% vs. 75.5%, p<0.001) and 5-year survival rates (89.8% vs. 63.9%, p < 0.001) compared to the matched sample. In multivariate analysis, RP patients showed lower (HR: 0.20; 95% CI: 0.18-0.22) and patients with bone metastasis showed higher (HR: 1.86; 95% CI: 1.61-2.16) overall mortality risk. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that patients underwent RP had longer overall survival in PC.
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