•Below 10 nm lateral resolutions in nuclear microprobes are achieved by the near-axis STIM technology, as demonstrated here for H2+.•Monolayer depth resolution is reached by the double-fragment ...scattering (DFS) technology.•The ionization of a H2+ by a single layer graphene is demonstrated experimentally.•Single and few layers of freestanding graphene can be differentiated by a nuclear microprobe.
The spatial resolution plays a crucial role in determining the performance of a nuclear microprobe. However, the formation of spatial resolutions below 10 nm remains a challenge in nuclear microprobes. Here, we propose novel technologies (near-axis scanning transmission ion microscopy and double-fragment scattering) utilizing molecular ions to address this challenge and demonstrate a H2+ molecular beam with 6.0 × 10 nm2 lateral resolution and monolayer thickness resolution respectively. Using the improved nuclear microprobe, we directly demonstrate that the ionization of a H2+ can be efficiently achieved using one single layer graphene, and also that single and few layers of freestanding graphene can be clearly differentiated and identified. The precise control of fast molecular ions at sub-10 nm scales has the potential to unlock new avenues of applications.
•E-beam deposition of Cu12Sb4S13 thin films using mechanically alloyed single source material.•∼40–50 mA e-beam current is found optimal for Cu12Sb4S13 phase formation.•RBS and PIXE studies are used ...to determine composition of the films.•Optical band gap value of ∼1.8 eV with absorption coefficient of ∼105 cm−1 is observed for near stoichiometric films.•Thermoelectric measurements shows the maximum power factor of 2.30 μW/cm-K2 at 495 K for Cu12Sb4S13.
In this paper we have demonstrated the growth of Cu12Sb4S13 thin film through e-beam evaporation from a single source. The source material was pre-synthesised via ball mill method starting from a stoichiometric mixture of elements (Cu, Sb and S) taken in the atomic ratio of 12:4:13. The films were deposited at different beam currents viz. 40, 50 and 60 mA. The bulk material and thin films were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy to evaluate phase formation. The films grown at beam current values of 40 mA showed the presence of Cu12Sb4S13 phase along with Cu3SbS4 and CuS secondary phases. The films grown at 50 mA and 60 mA are showing Cu3SbS4 phase as main phase. These results are in agreement with the Raman studies. The composition of as grown films was analysed using Rutherford backscattered spectrometry (RBS) and proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) measurements. The Cu content in the films is decreasing with increase in the beam current, whereas the Sb and S content shows increment. The optical absorption measurement was used to determine the optical band gap. The films show a direct band gap value of ∼1.8 eV with an optical absorption coefficient of ∼105 cm−1. Temperature dependant Seebeck coefficient and electrical resistivity values were measured for the thin films and the power factor values were calculated. The positive Seebeck coefficient values obtained indicate p-type semiconducting nature of the films. The maximum power factor of 2.30 μW/cm-K2 at 495 K was obtained for films grown at 40 mA e-beam current. The electrical and optical properties are significantly influenced by the presence of secondary phases and compositional deviation.
This article attempts to interpret the function of the selected Late Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Early Neolithic features / sites from Chelmno-Dobrzyń Lakeland (central Poland). In the case of two ...Mesolithic camps, some suggestions were also made on their probable internal, functional structure. The work was based primarily on the results of use-wear analysis of 10,900 flint artefacts. Probable traces of use were observed on 1,230 of them. The analysis conducted allows us also to draw some conclusions on the filling process of Neolithic pits.
In this work we study the imaging properties of the KATRIN solenoid chain from the center of the WGTS source to the symmetry point of the main spectrometer entrance solenoid by calculating the ...trajectories of 200 representative electrons numerically with the simulation package PartOpt. By using both the microscopic approach and the drift equations during the calculation, depending on the magnetic field strength, the calculation times could be reduced to several minutes per trajectory. The image of a cross-type start pattern is produced and it is shown that the maximal energy loss due to synchrotron radiation is less then 0.11eV.
The Late Glacial and early Holocene points and harpoons made of bone and antler are one of the most common finds from these periods in the southern Baltic zone. They are a manifestation of the ...well-developed hunter-gatherer economy of that time. The presented work deals with a group of characteristic, uniserial harpoon heads which are mostly well known from Late Palaeolithic and Mesolithic contexts. Their common characteristics are: one row of distinct, massive barbs, distinguished tang, and wide, flat base. Originally, the finds of this type discovered on the Polish Lowland, constituted a fairly large collection, with over twenty specimens of this type mentioned in the literature. Unfortunately, the majority of them were discovered at the beginning of twentieth century and most of them were lost during World War II. This paper present the first detailed technological analysis of the seven remaining specimens. The artefacts included represent a valuable source of information on issues related to processing bone material by the Late Glacial and early Holocene communities in the Polish Lowland. Results of the study can also become an important argument in discussion about chronological affiliation of these kind of forms discovered on Polish Lowland.
The article discusses the possibility of using computational methods for modelling the size of the injection doses. Polynomial and artificial intelligence methods were used for prediction. The aim of ...the research was to analyze whether it is possible to model the operating parameters of the fuel injector without knowing its internal dimensions and tribological associations. The black box method was used to make the model. This method is based on the analysis of input and output parameters and their correlation. The paper proposes a mathematical model determined on the basis of a polynomial and a neural network based on input and output parameters. The above models make it possible to predict the amount of fuel injection doses on the basis of their operating parameters. Modelling was performed in the Matlab environment. Calculating methods could support the diagnosis processes of fuel injectors. Fuel injection characteristic is non-linear. Study shows that it is possible to predict injection characteristic with high matching using polynomial and neural network. That way accelerates fuel injector work parameters research process. Fuel injector test basis on known its work areas. Mathematical modelling can calculate all injection area using few parameters. To modelling fuel injection dosages by neural network have been used back propagation and Levenberg—Marquardt algorithms.
This article discusses the potential applications of the Fuel Shot liquid catalyst in compression ignition (CI) engines for reducing toxic substances in exhaust gases. Incorporating catalysts into ...fuel can optimize the combustion process, consequently reducing the emission of toxic substances into the atmosphere. Toxic compounds, such as nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and hydrocarbons, adversely affect flora and fauna. Various methods are known for reducing their concentration in engine exhaust gases, one of which is the Fuel Shot liquid catalyst. The authors conducted experiments on a Fiat 1.3 JTD engine with a Common Rail system. The results indicate that the application of the liquid catalyst reduces the content of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons in the exhaust gases and slightly decreases fuel consumption. Additionally, investigations were carried out on the engine’s injection apparatus, which was fueled with modified fuel. The findings demonstrate that the fuel additive does not affect the wear of precision parts of fuel injectors and high-pressure pumps.
PDF
