"A true gift for Hemingway aficionados! With previously unpublished work by Hemingway, memories of the writer by those who knew him, and essays by an outstanding international team of scholars, this ...collection deepens our understanding of Hemingway's relationship to a country that he loved and that was central to his fiction."-Carl P. Eby, author ofHemingway's Fetishism: Psychoanalysis and the Mirror of Manhood "These extremely powerful essays bring a richer and more cosmopolitan understanding of the Italian underpinnings of Hemingway's writing."-Linda Patterson Miller, editor ofLetters from the Lost Generation: Gerald and Sara Murphy and Friends "A useful experience for readers. Its blending of biography and textual study is perfect."-Linda Wagner-Martin, editor ofHemingway: Eight Decades of Criticism From his World War I service in Italy through his transformational return visits during the decades that followed, Ernest Hemingway's Italian experiences were fundamental to his artistic development.Hemingway and Italy offers essays from top scholars, exciting new voices, and people who knew Hemingway during his Italian days, examining how his adopted homeland shaped his writing and his legacy. The collection addresses Hemingway's many Italys-the terrain and people he encountered during his life and the country he transposed into his fiction. Contributors analyze Hemingway's Italian works, includingA Farewell to Arms, Across the River and into the Trees,lesser-known short stories, fables, and even a previously unpublished Hemingway sketch, "Torcello Piece." The essays provide fresh insights on Hemingway's Italian life, career, and imagination.
The presence of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) and its signaling components in the neurons of the hippocampus raises a question about what role the Shh signaling pathway may play in these neurons. We show here ...that activation of the Shh signaling pathway stimulates axon elongation in rat hippocampal neurons. This Shh-induced effect depends on the pathway transducer Smoothened (Smo) and the transcription factor Gli1. The axon itself does not respond directly to Shh; instead, the Shh signal transduction originates from the somatodendritic region of the neurons and occurs in neurons with and without detectable primary cilia. Upon Shh stimulation, Smo localization to dendrites increases significantly. Shh pathway activation results in increased levels of profilin1 (Pfn1), an actin-binding protein. Mutations in Pfn1's actin-binding sites or reduction of Pfn1 eliminate the Shh-induced axon elongation. These findings indicate that Shh can regulate axon growth, which may be critical for development of hippocampal neurons.
Although numerous signaling mechanisms have been identified that act directly on axons to regulate their outgrowth, it is not known whether signals transduced in dendrites may also affect axon outgrowth. We describe here a transcellular signaling pathway in embryonic hippocampal neurons in which activation of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) receptors in dendrites stimulates axon growth. The pathway involves the dendritic-membrane-associated Shh signal transducer Smoothened (Smo) and the transcription factor Gli, which induces the expression of the gene encoding the actin-binding protein profilin 1. Our findings suggest scenarios in which stimulation of Shh in dendrites results in accelerated outgrowth of the axon, which therefore reaches its presumptive postsynaptic target cell more quickly. By this mechanism, Shh may play critical roles in the development of hippocampal neuronal circuits.
Objectives
Populations are aging worldwide. This paper summarizes some of the challenges and opportunities due to the increasing burden of infectious diseases in an aging population.
Results
Older ...adults typically suffer elevated morbidity from infectious disease, leading to increased demand for healthcare resources and higher healthcare costs. Preventive medicine, including vaccination can potentially play a major role in preserving the health and independence of older adults. However, this potential of widespread vaccination is rarely realized. Here, we give a brief overview of the problem, discuss concrete obstacles and the potential for expanded vaccination programs to promote healthy aging.
Conclusion
The increasing healthcare burden of infectious diseases expected in aging populations could, to a large extent, be reduced by achieving higher vaccination coverage among older adults. Vaccination can thus contribute to healthy aging, alongside healthy diet and physical exercise. The available evidence indicates that dedicated programs can achieve substantial improvements in vaccination coverage among older adults, but more research is required to assess the generalizability of the results achieved by specific interventions (see Additional file 1).
Mitochondria are essential organelles whose biogenesis, structure, and function are regulated by many signaling pathways. We present evidence that, in hippocampal neurons, activation of the Sonic ...hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway affects multiple aspects of mitochondria. Mitochondrial mass was increased significantly in neurons treated with Shh. Using biochemical and fluorescence imaging analyses, we show that Shh signaling activity reduces mitochondrial fission and promotes mitochondrial elongation, at least in part, via suppression of the mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-like GTPase Drp1. Mitochondria from Shh-treated neurons were more electron-dense, as revealed by electron microscopy, and had higher membrane potential and respiratory activity. We further show that Shh protects neurons against a variety of stresses, including the mitochondrial poison rotenone, amyloid β-peptide, hydrogen peroxide, and high levels of glutamate. Collectively our data suggest a link between Shh pathway activity and the physiological properties of mitochondria in hippocampal neurons.
A new collection of essays about the creative process of a renowned American author
Ernest Hemingway’s work reverberates with a blend of memory, geography, and lessons of life revealed through the ...trauma of experience. Michigan, Italy, Spain, Paris, Africa, and the Gulf Stream are some of the most distinctive settings in Hemingway’s short fiction, novels, articles, and correspondence. In his fiction, Hemingway revisited these sites, reimagining and transforming them. Travel was the engine of his creative life, as the recurrent contrast between spaces provided him with evidence of his emerging identity as a writer.
The contributors to Ernest Hemingway and the Geography of Memory employ an intriguing range of approaches to Hemingway’s work, using the concept of memory as an interpretive tool to enhance understanding of Hemingway’s creative process. The essays are divided into four sections— Memory and Composition, Memory and Allusion, Memory and Place, and Memory and Truth—and examine The Garden of Eden, In Our Time, The Old Man and the Sea, Green Hills of Africa, Under Kilimanjaro, The Sun Also Rises, A Moveable Feast, A Farewell to Arms, and Death in the Afternoon, as well as several of Hemingway’s short stories.
Ernest Hemingway and the Geography of Memory is a fascinating volume that will appeal to the Hemingway scholar as well as the general reader.
A fresh perspective on Hemingway's work Early in his career, when To Have and Have Not was published, Ernest Hemingway's portrayal of themes, setting, and character was often compared to Cezanne's ...art - abstract. By contrast, in 1952, with the publication of The Old Man and the Sea, his style was described as comparable to Winslow Homer's - realistic. At the center of this evolution is the contention that Hemingway's preoccupation with and scientific study of life in the Gulf Stream moved his theory and practice of writing away from the Paris art circle of the 1920s to the new realism of the 1950s. A Sea of Change explores the importance of Hemingway's relationship to the waters of the Gulf Stream that transformed his imaginative work. Drawing primarily on Ernest Hemingway's handwritten and unpublished fishing logs and from published and unpublished correspondence and newspaper articles, Mark P. Ott structures this literary biography chronologically to tell the story of Hemingway's life as it becomes immersed in the Gulf Stream. Ott connects To Have and Have Not and The Old Man and the Sea with Hemingway's philosophical and stylistic transformation as he became increasingly educated in the natural world. A Sea of Change is the first study to examine Hemingway's complex relationship with the Gulf Stream and how it transformed his fiction.
A fresh perspective on Hemingway's workEarly in his career, when To Have and Have Not was published, Ernest Hemingway's portrayal of themes, setting, and character was often compared to Cezanne's art ...- abstract. By contrast, in 1952, with the publication of The Old Man and the Sea, his style was described as comparable to Winslow Homer's - realistic.At the center of this evolution is the contention that Hemingway's preoccupation with and scientific study of life in the Gulf Stream moved his theory and practice of writing away from the Paris art circle of the 1920s to the new realism of the 1950s. A Sea of Change explores the importance of Hemingway's relationship to the waters of the Gulf Stream that transformed his imaginative work.Drawing primarily on Ernest Hemingway's handwritten and unpublished fishing logs and from published and unpublished correspondence and newspaper articles, Mark P. Ott structures this literary biography chronologically to tell the story of Hemingway's life as it becomes immersed in the Gulf Stream. Ott connects To Have and Have Not andThe Old Man and the Sea with Hemingway's philosophical and stylistic transformation as he became increasingly educated in the natural world.A Sea of Change is the first study to examine Hemingway's complex relationship with the Gulf Stream and how it transformed his fiction.
Background. Rapid recovery protocols after coronary artery bypass grafting have been applied successfully to young patients with normal ventricular function. However, the success of such protocols ...when applied to the elderly population has not been thoroughly validated, and at some centers there is still reluctance in allowing elderly patients to be discharged early from the hospital.
Methods. One hundred fifty-two consecutive younger patients (<70 years) were compared retrospectively with 167 consecutive elderly patients (≥70 years) who underwent isolated coronary artery bypass grafting using cardiopulmonary bypass. A rapid recovery protocol emphasizing an anesthetic protocol for early extubation, reduced cardiopulmonary bypass time, and perioperative administration of corticosteroids and thyroid hormone was applied to all patients. The protocol also emphasized early identification and management of postoperative atrial fibrillation, a proactive negative fluid balance, rapid return of bowel function, mobilization of the patient, and aggressive use of the intraaortic balloon pump preoperatively.
Results. The 30-day mortality rate for the younger group of patients was 3.3% (Parsonnet risk 7.2 ± 6.2), compared with 4.2% (Parsonnet risk, 17.7 ± 6.8) for the elderly group of patients. There were no statistically significant differences in the 30-day mortality rates or postoperative complications between the elderly and younger patient groups. Rapid recovery with discharge before the fifth postoperative day was achieved in 19% of the elderly, in comparison with 48% of the younger patients (
p < 0.001). The younger patients were discharged earlier after operation than the older patients (5.7 ± 5.2 versus 8.0 ± 8.5 days;
p < 0.01).
Conclusions. Application of the rapid recovery protocol helped expedite recovery for all patients regardless of age, acuity of illness, or associated conditions. Although younger patients had a significantly shorter postoperative length of hospital stay, older patients performed well and are suitable candidates for rapid recovery protocols.
Folder 727 of the John F. Kennedy Library's Hemingway Collection contains an unpublished, one-paragraph fragment describing a cold wind blowing the dust off a road and a bridge. Both the catalog and ...Paul Smith identify the fragment as belonging to the short story "Che Ti Dice la Patria?" Together, fragment and published short story reveal Hemingway at an intriguing artistic crossroads. Their imagery reverberates from Hemingway's earlier Nick Adams stories through his novel A Farewell to Arms to his late memoir A Moveable Feast.
Catastrophic neurologic events occur rarely postoperatively and must be diagnosed quickly. A 63-year-old woman who had undergone uneventful total hip arthroplasty experienced obtundation after ...admission to the postanesthesia care unit. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging revealed multiple lesions consistent with ischemia or infarction, and fat cerebral embolism was diagnosed. We describe the numerous complications that may occur in patients in the postanesthesia care unit and review the differential diagnosis of altered mental status in such pa tients. Paradoxical cerebral fat embolization must be considered in the differential diagnosis of altered mental status after pelvic or long bone fracture or lower extremity major joint replacement, and this condition may occur despite normal pulmonary function and no patent foramen ovale or right-to-left intracardiac shunt. Magnetic resonance imaging with T
2-weighted sequences is the cranial imaging study of choice for early evaluation of patients with sudden multifocal neurologic deficits and suspected fat embolism syndrome.
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