Classical psychopathology greatly valued the interaction between clinician and patient, and assigned to the clinician's subjective experience a significant role in the diagnostic process. ...Psychoanalysis, too, ascribed a privileged position to the clinician's feelings and empathic participation in the assessment and deep understanding of the patient. This study aimed at testing the traditional, though still relatively unexplored empirically, tenet that particular diagnostic groups elicit distinct and diagnostically useful reactions from clinicians.
The study was performed in several psychiatric inpatient and outpatient units in Rome, Italy. The clinicians completed the Assessment of Clinician's Subjective Experience (ACSE) questionnaire and other standardized assessment instruments when they evaluated a previously unknown patient. All adult patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (n = 119), cluster B personality disorder (n = 114), manic or mixed bipolar I episode (n = 59), and unipolar depression or anxiety disorder (n = 130) were included in the study, for a total of 422 patients evaluated by 35 clinicians.
We found a significant and theoretically consistent relationship between the clinicians' pattern of subjective experience during the first visit and patients' clinical diagnoses. Patients with unipolar depression/anxiety showed significantly lower scores than the other groups on all ACSE scales except engagement; patients with schizophrenia displayed significantly higher scores than the other groups on difficulty in attunement, and significantly higher scores than patients with cluster B personality disorder on impotence. Compared with the other groups, the patients with cluster B personality disorder displayed significantly lower scores on engagement, and significantly higher scores on disconfirmation. In multivariate models controlling for patient's age and education, symptom severity, clinician's sex, duration of visit and setting, diagnosis remained a significant predictor of scores on all ACSE scales except for impotence.
The main limitations of the study are its reliance on clinical diagnoses and the non-independence of assessments. Further studies based on diagnoses made by a third observer through standardized instruments are needed to provide a most stringent test of the hypothesis that different diagnoses are associated with distinct profiles of clinicians' subjective experience. This study provided intriguing, though preliminary, evidence that the clinician's subjective experience may play a useful role in the diagnostic process. Time may have come to reintroduce the concept of intersubjectivity at the core of the diagnostic process.
In psichiatria, come nelle altre discipline mediche, esistono casi che sono "difficili" per le loro caratteristiche cliniche. Recentemente, sembra tuttavia emergere un nuovo tipo di casi che ...risultano "difficili" per ragioni non tanto psicopatologiche quanto piuttosto gestionali, di responsabilità e sicurezza. Alcuni di questi casi caratterizzano in particolare la psichiatria italiana, e coinvolgono soprattutto i clinici delle strutture pubbliche. In varie situazioni, essi implicano comportamenti autolesivi ed eterolesivi non prevedibili né prevenibili nonostante l'impegno degli operatori, un problema ancora scarsamente riconosciuto per le responsabilità stesse. La riforma sanitaria del 1978 ha posto l'Italia in una posizione di avanguardia nel mondo riguardo al sistema dell'assistenza territoriale in salute mentale, che ha compiuto negli ultimi quarant'anni grandi passi avanti rispetto al precedente assetto. Ultimamente si sono tuttavia verificati cambiamenti sociali, epidemiologici, psicopatologici e dei bisogni che hanno creato nuovi problemi e difficoltà all'assistenza psichiatrica. Tra questi cambiamenti figurano la crescente complessità delle grandi aree metropolitane; il fenomeno immigratorio; la massiccia crescita nell'utilizzo di sostanze; le modificazioni del profilo di responsabilità del medico; l'introduzione di complesse normative sulla sicurezza, il trattamento dei dati, il consenso alle cure e la competenza a decidere della persona con disturbi mentali. Come conseguenza, gli operatori si trovano oggi ad affrontare nuove difficoltà di tipo organizzativo e gestionale, e questioni problematiche relative alla sicurezza sia del paziente sia del sanitario, con un crescente profilo di responsabilità etica, deontologica e medico legale del sanitario stesso. Auspichiamo che le riflessioni qui proposte possano stimolare un dibattito costruttivo per migliorare le condizioni di lavoro degli operatori impegnati quotidianamente nel migliorare gli esiti clinici dei propri pazienti.
Concerns have been raised about the potential of deliberate self-harm and suicide among patients with dermatologic conditions.
We sought to estimate the prevalence of suicidal ideation among patients ...with dermatologic conditions, and to identify demographic, clinical, and psychosocial correlates.
Two samples of outpatients with dermatologic conditions (N = 294) and inpatients (N = 172) completed the 12-item General Health Questionnaire, the Skindex-29, and the Patient Health Questionnaire.
Forty patients (8.6%) reported suicidal ideation during the previous 2 weeks. In univariate analysis, the presence of suicidal ideation was associated with female sex, inpatient status, presence of a depressive or anxiety disorder, and higher 12-item General Health Questionnaire and Skindex-29 scores. The size of the diagnostic groups allowed reasonable prevalence estimates only for psoriasis (10%) and acne (7.1%). In multivariate analysis, only emotional distress (12-item General Health Questionnaire) and impaired social functioning (Skindex-29) were independently associated with suicidal ideation.
We lacked an observer-rated evaluation of skin condition and could rely only on the Skindex-29 symptoms subscale as a measure of disease severity. In addition, the measurement of suicidal ideation was limited as a result of the use of only one question to assess it. Furthermore, the cross-sectional design prevented causal inferences.
Suicidal ideation is not rare among patients with dermatologic conditions. Assessing suicidality would be warranted in dermatologic practice among patients at particular risk such as women with high psychologic distress and impaired social functioning. The development of psychiatric consultation-liaison services is mandatory to provide effective treatment and careful follow-up of patients who are suicidal.
Abstract Previous studies failed to identify a consistent factor structure of the BPRS-24 in schizophrenia. Our aims were to examine the fit of all previously published factor models and then to ...explore unobserved population heterogeneity and identify salient latent classes. Two hundred thirty-nine patients with ICD-10 schizophrenia admitted to a random sample of all Italian public and private acute inpatient units during an index period were administered the BPRS-24. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test all factor models derived in previous studies. Then, factor mixture analysis (FMA) with heteroscedastic components was carried out to explore unobserved population heterogeneity. No previously reported factor solution showed adequate fit in CFA. FMA indicated the presence of three heterogeneous groups and yielded a 5-factor solution (Depression, Positive Symptoms, Disorganization, Negative Symptoms, Activation). Group 1 was characterized by higher Disorganization, lower Activation, lower psychosocial functioning, greater lifetime number of admissions, more frequent history of compulsory admission. Group 2 displayed lower Disorganization. Group 3 showed higher Activation and more frequent history of recent self-harming behavior. Our finding that a reliable factor structure for the BPRS-24 could be obtained only after assuming population heterogeneity suggests that the difficulty in identifying a consistent factor structure may be ascribed to the clinical heterogeneity of schizophrenia. As compared with clinical subtypes, the psychopathological dimensions displayed much greater discriminatory power between groups identified by FMA. Though preliminary, our findings corroborate that a dimensional approach to psychopathology can facilitate the assessment of the clinical heterogeneity of schizophrenia.
Abstract Objective The factors involved in the etiology of alexithymia are still unclear. While a few studies suggested substantial genetic influences on alexithymia, it remains to be determined if ...these influences are independent of genetic influences on other mental health variables correlated with alexithymia, such as depression. This study is aimed at confirming previous findings of a genetic contribution to alexithymia, examining whether there are genetic or environmental influences common to alexithymia facets, and investigating whether genetic influences on alexithymia are independent of genetic influences on depression. Methods The 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale and a validated measure of depression were administered to a sample of 729 twins (45% males) aged 23–24 years drawn from the population-based Italian Twin Register. Genetic structural equation modeling was performed with the Mx program. Results Genetic factors accounted for 42% of individual differences in alexithymia. Unshared environmental factors explained the remaining proportion of variance. There was a substantial (0.65) genetic correlation between alexithymia and depression. The inclusion of depression as a covariate in the genetic models reduced the heritability estimate for alexithymia to 33%. Conclusions Despite some limitations, this study corroborates the notion that genetic factors contribute substantially to individual differences in alexithymia, with unshared environmental factors also playing an important role. Also, it suggests a genetic link between alexithymia and depression.
The clinical encounter is still at the core of the psychiatric evaluation. Since the diagnostic process remains basically clinical in nature, several authors have addressed the complexity of the ...clinical reasoning process and highlighted the role played by intersubjective phenomena and clinician's feelings. Some recent studies have supported the view of a significant link between the clinician's subjective experience during the assessment and the diagnosis made. In a globalized world, this issue requires a careful reflection, since cultural differences may affect the intersubjective atmosphere of the encounter, which may indirectly influence the clinician's thinking.
We used a previously validated instrument, named Assessment of Clinician's Subjective Experience (ACSE), to compare the clinician's subjective experience during the evaluation of Italian patients with the subjective experience of the same clinician during the assessment of foreign patients. The 2 patient groups (n = 42 each) were individually matched for known potential confounders (age, sex, categorical diagnosis, and clinical severity).
We found no significant differences in mean scores on all ACSE dimensions (tension, difficulty in attune-ment, engagement, disconfirmation, and impotence), which suggests that cultural diversity did not substantially affect the clinician's subjective experience. However, the lack of information about the native country and linguistic proficiency of about a quarter of foreign patients may have limited the possibility to detect subtle or specific differences, especially with regard to the clinician's empathic attunement.
Although further investigation is needed, our preliminary findings may have significant implications for the reflection upon the clinician's empathic experience as well as pragmatic consequences for the act of psychiatric diagnosis in the cross-cultural encounter.
Most psychotropic drugs are effective for several mental disorders, rather than for specific diagnoses. The dimensional approach to psychiatric nosology can explain the non-specificity of drug ...action, and it could usefully integrate the traditional categorical approach and may help optimize personalised psychiatric treatment. This study aimed at examining the use of antiepileptic drugs, particularly valproate, for the treatment of prominent aggression, impulsivity, and activation, within the conceptual framework of a "dimensional pharmacotherapy" strategy.
This observational, naturalistic study included 846 adult psychiatric inpatients. Within 48 hours from admission and then again at discharge, each patient was administered the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and the SVARAD scale for rapid dimensional assessment.
We found a statistically significant association between the prescription of an antiepileptic drug (valproate in the vast majority of cases) and the presence of high levels of aggression, impulsivity, and activation. In patients with high levels of these psychopathological dimensions, the prescription of an antiepileptic drug was significantly associated with a greater decrease in BPRS total score from admission to discharge. This finding remained significant after the exclusion of patients experiencing a manic or mixed episode.
Although methodological limitations dictate caution in interpreting our results, these preliminary findings suggest that a "dimensional pharmacotherapy" strategy (i.e., selecting drugs based on neurobiological action rather than categorical diagnosis) for the treatment of aggression, impulsivity and activation is commonly used in daily practice and may lead to greater clinical improvement, in the absence of severe adverse effects.
The clinician's subjective experience can be a valuable element for diagnosis and treatment. A few factors have been recognized that affect it, such as the patient's personality, the severity of ...psychopathology, and diagnosis. Other factors, such as patient's and clinician's gender, have not been specifically investigated. The aim of this study is to explore the impact of gender differences on the clinician's subjective experience in a large sample of psychiatric patients.
The study involved 61 psychiatrists and 960 patients attending several inpatient and outpatient psychiatric settings. The clinicians completed the Assessment of Clinician's Subjective Experience (ACSE) questionnaire after observing each patient for the first time.
In multivariate analysis, higher scores on the Difficulty in Attunement (p < 0.001), Engagement (p<0.05), and Impotence (p<0.01) scales were significantly associated with female clinician gender, whereas higher scores on the Tension and Disconfirmation scales were significantly associated with male clinician gender. The scores on all ACSE dimensions were also associated with the severity of psychopathology.
The findings suggest that clinician's gender might affect a clinician's emotional response toward patients. Specific attention to this issue might be useful in clinical situations, not only in terms of promoting gender-balanced teams but also in terms of enhancing self-observation in clinicians evaluating patients for the first time.
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