Launched in May 2018, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow‐On mission (GRACE‐FO)—the successor of the erstwhile GRACE mission—monitors changes in total water storage, which is a ...critical state variable of the regional and global hydrologic cycles. However, the gap between data of the two missions is breaking the continuity of the observations and limiting its further application. In this study, we used three learning‐based models, that is, deep neural network, multiple linear regression (MLR), and seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average with exogenous variables, and six GRACE solutions (i.e., Jet Propulsion Laboratory spherical harmonics (JPL‐SH), Center for Space Research SH (CSR‐SH), GeoforschungsZentrum Potsdam SH (GFZ‐SH), JPL mass concentration blocks (mascons) (JPL‐M), CSR mascons (CSR‐M), and Goddard Space Flight Center mascons (GSFC‐M)) to reconstruct the missing monthly data at a grid cell scale. Evaluation showed that the three learning‐based models were reliable for the reconstruction of GRACE data in areas with humid and no/low human interventions. The deep neural network models slightly outperformed the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average with exogenous variables models and significantly outperformed the multiple linear regression models in most of 60 basins studied. The three GRACE mascon data sets performed better than the SH data sets at the basin scale. The models with SH solutions showed similar performance, but the models with the mascon solutions varied markedly in some basins. Results of this study are expected to provide a reference for bridging the data gaps between the GRACE and GRACE‐FO satellites and for selecting suitable GRACE solutions for regional hydrologic studies.
Key Points
Gaps between the GRACE and GRACE‐FO data sets are filled across global land areas
Performance of reconstructing total water storage anomalies using three learning‐based models and six GRACE solutions is evaluated
Findings of this study improve understanding of global and regional hydrologic cycles, various GRACE products, and learning models
Dysphagia is a common yet serious complication in stroke patients. We aimed to conduct a meta-analysis and systematic review to evaluate the risk factors of dysphagia in patients with ischemic ...stroke, to provide insights to the clinical treatment and nursing care of dysphagia.
We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Wanfang Database, China Biomedical Literature Database (CBM) for studies on dysphagia in patients with ischemic stroke up to January 31, 2022. The quality of the literature was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software.
A total of 10 studies involving 4637 ischemic stroke patients were included, 1183(25.51%) patients had dysphagia after stroke. The synthesized outcomes showed that elder age (SMD = 0.42, 95%CI:0.34-0.50), hypertension (OR = 1.96, 95%CI:1.48-2.61), diabetes (OR = 1.83, 95%CI:1.47-2.28), brainstem stroke (OR = 2.12, 95%CI:1.45-3.09) were associated with dysphagia in patients with ischemic stroke (all P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the gender between dysphagia and no dysphagia patients (OR = 1.07, 95%CI:0.91-1.27, P = 0.40). Egger regression tests indicated there were no significant publication biases in the synthesized outcomes (all P>0.05).
Elder age, hypertension, diabetes and brainstem stroke are associated with the development of dysphagia in patients with ischemic stroke. Attention should be paid to the assessment and early intervention of those risk factors for dysphagia to improve the prognosis of stroke patients.
Layilin (LAYN) is a critical gene that regulates T cell function. However, the correlations of LAYN to prognosis and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in different cancers remain unclear.
LAYN ...expression was analyzed via the Oncomine database and Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) site. We evaluated the influence of LAYN on clinical prognosis using Kaplan-Meier plotter, the PrognoScan database and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA). The correlations between LAYN and cancer immune infiltrates was investigated via TIMER. In addition, correlations between LAYN expression and gene marker sets of immune infiltrates were analyzed by TIMER and GEPIA.
A cohort (GSE17536) of colorectal cancer patients showed that high LAYN expression was associated with poorer overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and disease-free survival (DFS). In addition, high LAYN expression was significantly correlated with poor OS and progression-free survival (PFS) in gastric cancers (OS HR = 1.97,
= 3.6e-10; PFS HR = 2.12,
= 2.3e-10). Moreover, LAYN significantly impacts the prognosis of diverse cancers via The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Specifically, high LAYN expression was correlated with worse OS and PFS in stage 2 to 4 but not stage 1 and stage N0 gastric cancer patients (
= 0.28, 0.34;
= 0.073, 0.092). LAYN expression was positively correlated with infiltrating levels of CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells (DCs) in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) and stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD). LAYN expression showed strong correlations with diverse immune marker sets in COAD and STAD.
These findings suggest that LAYN is correlated with prognosis and immune infiltrating levels of, including those of CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and DCs in multiple cancers, especially in colon and gastric cancer patients. In addition, LAYN expression potentially contributes to regulation of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), DCs, T cell exhaustion and Tregs in colon and gastric cancer. These findings suggest that LAYN can be used as a prognostic biomarker for determining prognosis and immune infiltration in gastric and colon cancers.
Phenanthrene hydrogenation is a key reaction for improving the quality of gasoline and diesel. Herein, we conduct detailed thermodynamic and kinetic analyses for phenanthrene hydrogenation on a ...Ni‐Mo/HY catalyst. We establish a comprehensive reaction network for phenanthrene hydrogenation, and calculate equilibrium constant, rate constant, adsorption constant, activation energy barrier, and reaction energy for each step in the reaction network. All of the steps in the reaction network are revealed to be exothermic. A kinetic model with 28 parameters is constructed for phenanthrene hydrogenation. The deviation of the product yields calculated by the kinetic model from those obtained in experiments is less than 4.5%, indicating the reasonability and accuracy of the kinetic model. The most favorable pathway for phenanthrene hydrogenation is demonstrated to be phenanthrene → tetrahydrophenanthrene → sym‐octahydrophenanthrene → 5,6‐butyl‐tetrahydronaphthalene → tetralin. These results are helpful for efficiently tuning catalyst properties and optimizing reaction conditions for enhancing phenanthrene hydrogenation.
Display omitted
•Microplastics were found in 30 fish species from Zhanjiang mangrove wetland.•Microplastics could be detected in gills, stomach and intestine of the fishes.•Fiber was the dominant ...microplastic shape detected in fish bodies.•Polyethylene was the highly abundant polymer type in collected microplastics.
Microplastics (MPs) are widespread in marine and estuarine environments, but the contamination of MPs in mangrove wetlands is relatively unknown. Here, we quantify the presence of MPs in fish collected from Zhanjiang mangrove wetland, the largest mangrove in South China, which provide baseline data on MPs accumulation in fish in mangrove environment as the first evidence in China. MPs were found in 30 out of 32 fish species at an average abundance of 2.83 ± 1.84 items individual−1, ranged from 0.6 to 8.0 items individual−1 in each species. MPs were detected in gills, stomach and intestine, and not found in muscles and livers. Positive relationship was found between MPs abundance and body length or weight of mangrove fish. The dominant polymers identified by micro-FTIR were polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene and cellophane. MPs consisted primarily of fibers and with the prominent size range of 0.02–1 mm. The body sizes, living habitats and feeding habits of fish are important factors affecting MPs accumulation in different fish species. This study revealed the wide presences of MPs in fish species within a mangrove wetland.
Photocatalytic CO2 reduction on metal-oxide-based catalysts is promising for solving the energy and environmental crises faced by mankind. The oxygen vacancy （Vo） on metal oxides is expected to be a ...key factor affecting the efficiency of photocatalytic CO2 reduction on metal-oxide-based catalysts. Yet, to date, the question of how an Vo influences photocatalytic CO2 reduction is still unanswered. Herein, we report that, on Vo-rich gallium oxide coated with Pt nanoparticles （Vo-rich Pt/Ga203）, CO2 is photocatalytically reduced to CO, with a highly enhanced CO evolution rate （21.0umol.h-1） compared to those on Vo-poor Pt/Ga2O3 （3.9 gmol-h-1） and Pt/TiO2（P25） （6.7 gmol.h-1）. We demonstrate that the Vo leads to improved CO2 adsorption and separation of the photoinduced charges on Pt/Ga203, thus enhancing the photocatalytic activity of Pt/Ga203. Rational fabrication of an Vo is thereby an attractive strategy for developing efficient catalysts for photocatalytic CO2 reduction.
Groundwater plays a critical role in the global water cycle and is the drinking source for almost half of the world’s population. However, exact quantification of its storage change remains elusive ...due primarily to limited ground observations in space and time. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) twin-satellite data have provided global observations of water storage variations at monthly sampling for over a decade and a half, and is enable to estimate changes in groundwater storage (GWS) after removing other water storage components using auxiliary datasets and models. In this paper, we present an overview of GWS changes in three main aquifers within China using GRACE data, and conduct a comprehensive accuracy assessment using in situ ground well observations and hydrological models. GRACE detects a significant GWS depletion rate of 7.2 ± 1.1 km3/yr in the North China Plain (NCP) during 2002–2014, consistent with ground well observations and model predictions. The Liaohe River Basin (LRB) experienced a pronounced GWS decline during 2005–2009, at a depletion rate of 5.0 ± 1.2 km3/yr. Since 2010, GRACE-based GWS reveal a slow recovery in the LRB, with excellent agreement with ground well observations. For the whole study period 2002–2014, no significant long-term GWS depletion is found in the LRB nor in the Tarim Basin. A case study in the Inner Tibetan Plateau highlights there still exist large uncertainties in GRACE-based GWS change estimates.
Solar‐energy‐driven photoreduction of CO2 is promising in alleviating environment burden, but suffers from low efficiency and over‐reliance on sacrificial agents. Herein, rhenium (Re) is atomically ...dispersed in In2O3 to fabricate a 2Re‐In2O3 photocatalyst. In sacrificial‐agent‐free photoreduction of CO2 with H2O, 2Re‐In2O3 shows a long‐term stable efficiency which is enhanced by 3.5 times than that of pure In2O3 and is also higher than those on Au‐In2O3, Ag‐In2O3, Cu‐In2O3, Ir‐In2O3, Ru‐In2O3, Rh‐In2O3 and Pt‐In2O3 photocatalysts. Moreover, carbon‐based product of the photoreduction overturns from CO on pure In2O3 to CH3OH on 2Re‐In2O3. Re promotes charge separation, H2O dissociation and CO2 activation, thus enhancing photoreduction efficiency of CO2 on 2Re‐In2O3. During the photoreduction, CO is a key intermediate. CO prefers to desorption rather than hydrogenation on pure In2O3, as CO binds to pure In2O3 very weakly. Re strengthens the interaction of CO with 2Re‐In2O3 by 5.0 times, thus limiting CO desorption but enhancing CO hydrogenation to CH3OH. This could be the origin for photoreduction product overturn from CO on pure In2O3 to CH3OH on 2Re‐In2O3. The present work opens a new way to boost sacrificial‐agent‐free photoreduction of CO2.
A 2Re‐In2O3 photocatalyst with atomically dispersed Re boosts selective CH3OH formation in sacrificial‐agent‐free photoreduction of CO2. The atomically dispersed Re is beneficial for CO2 conversion to CO which is strongly adsorbed on 2Re‐In2O3 and prefers to undergo hydrogenation to CH3OH rather than desorption from 2Re‐In2O3, thus boosting CH3OH formation. This opens a new way to improve sacrificial‐agent‐free selective photoreduction of CO2.
By supporting platinum (Pt) and cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles on indium oxide (In2O3), we fabricate a CdS/Pt/In2O3 photocatalyst. Selective photoreduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) to methane ...(CH4) is achieved on CdS/Pt/In2O3 having electronic Pt-In2O3 interactions, with CH4 selectivity reaching to 100%, which is higher than that on CdS/Pt/In2O3 without electronic Pt-In2O3 interactions (71.7%). Moreover, enhancement effect of electronic Pt-(metal-oxide) interactions on selective photoreduction of CO2 to CH4 also occurs by using other common metal oxides as photocatalyst supports, including titanium oxide, gallium oxide, zinc oxide and tungsten oxide. The electronic Pt-(metal-oxide) interactions separate photogenerated electron-hole pairs and convert CO2 into CO2δ- which can be easily hydrogenated into CH4 via a CO2δ- → HCOO* → HCO* → CH* → CH4 path, thus boosting selective photoreduction of CO2 to CH4. This offers a new way to achieve selective photoreduction of CO2.
Microplastics are widespread across the global oceans, yet the potential risks of the ubiquitous environmental contaminant to marine organisms has been less known. Accumulation of microplastics and ...associated contaminants in marine fish, may pose adverse impacts to human health via seafood consumption. This study evaluated microplastic contamination in 24 fish species collected from Beibu Gulf, one of the world’s largest fishing grounds in South China Sea. Microplastics were detected in 12 fish species at an abundance of 0.027–1.000 items individual−1 and found in fish stomach, intestines and gills with the count percentage of 57.7%, 34.6% and 7.7%, respectively. Transparent fibers were observed as the predominant microplastics, which might be ingested accidently by fish or transferred through other animals at lower trophic levels. Majority of microplastics were identified as polyester (44%) and nylon (38%), whereas polypropylene (6%), polyethylene (6%), and acrylics (6%) were also found. Relatively, higher microplastic abundances were found in demersal fish compared to the pelagic species. Overall, the abundance of microplastics was documented as relatively low in the commercial fish collected from the open water of Beibu Gulf, South China Sea.
Display omitted
•Microplastics were present in 12 fish species from Beibu Gulf, South China Sea.•Microplastic abundance ranged from 0.027 to 1.000 items individual−1 in different species.•The polymer types were detected predominantly as polyester and nylon.•Fibers were the dominant form and accounted for 96% of microplastics.
The main finding of the work: This study documented microplastics was considerably low in commercial fish collected from Beibu Gulf, South China Sea.
PDF
