To construct the network organizational structure of college students’ educational management and realize the informatization development of college students’ educational management, the construction ...method of network organizational structure of college students’ educational management is proposed based on the distributed network. MySQL and PostgreSQL are used as the bottom data structure models of the network-based organizational structure of college students’ education management, and the multisource information scheduling method, which is used to construct the transaction identifier (TID) labeling tuple model of college students’ education management network. The initial topological structure model of the network-based organizational structure nodes of college students’ education management network is constructed by the 4-tuple model, and the linear structure decomposition of the construction nodes of the network-based organizational structure of college students’ education management is carried out. The correlation characteristics of the transmission channel of the network organization structure of college students’ education management are extracted; the three-layer architecture system of data layer, network layer, and application layer is adopted; the architecture model of the network organization structure of college students’ education management is established; the multinode distributed network transmission technology is used to build a tree structure model, so as to realize the design of the network organization structure model of college students’ education management and the scheduling of multi-source information parameters; and the fuzzy multi-attribute decision-making method to realize the adaptive scheduling of the network organization structure of college students’ education management is adopted, so as to improve the storage management, fault tolerance, and safe access ability of the network organization structure of college students’ education management. The test results show that the network organizational structure of college students’ educational management is designed by this method, which improves the ability of information transmission and scheduling and improves the informatization level of college students’ educational management.
Entry into cells is necessary for many nanomaterial applications, and a common solution is to functionalize nanoparticles (NPs) with cell-penetrating ligands. Despite intensive studies on these ...functionalized NPs, little is known about their effect on cellular activities to engulf other cargo from the nearby environment. Here, we use NPs functionalized with TAT (transactivator of transcription) peptide (T-NPs) as an example to investigate their impact on cellular uptake of bystander cargo. We find that T-NP internalization enables cellular uptake of bystander NPs, but not common fluid markers, through a receptor-dependent macropinocytosis pathway. Moreover, the activity of this bystander uptake is stimulated by cysteine presence in the surrounding solution. The cargo selectivity and cysteine regulation are further demonstrated ex vivo and in vivo. These findings reveal another mechanism for NP entry into cells and open up an avenue of studying the interplay among endocytosis, amino acids, and nanomaterial delivery.
The incidence of adverse effects and pathogen resistance encountered with small molecule antibiotics is increasing. As such, there is mounting focus on immunogene therapy to augment the immune ...system's response to infection and accelerate healing. A major obstacle to in vivo gene delivery is that the primary uptake pathway, cellular endocytosis, results in extracellular excretion and lysosomal degradation of genetic material. Here we show a nanosystem that bypasses endocytosis and achieves potent gene knockdown efficacy. Porous silicon nanoparticles containing an outer sheath of homing peptides and fusogenic liposome selectively target macrophages and directly introduce an oligonucleotide payload into the cytosol. Highly effective knockdown of the proinflammatory macrophage marker IRF5 enhances the clearance capability of macrophages and improves survival in a mouse model of Staphyloccocus aureus pneumonia.
•The flood susceptibility of mountain areas in China was mapped and validated, for the first time, based on RF model.•The model was calibrated and validated with over 50years of historical flooding ...data.•Twelve geographic, meteorological, and hydrological factors were used and the individual contribution was assessed.
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Mountainous terrain covers nearly half of China and is susceptible to floods, which can lead to substantial losses of human life and property. Historical flooding records from government bulletins and newspapers, the only available information regarding floods that have occurred in some mountainous areas, are valuable for understanding flood disaster mechanisms in these regions. In this study, the flood susceptibility in mountainous regions in China was mapped based on historical flooding records from 1949 to 2000. A Random Forest (RF) model, which can handle large datasets through factor contribution analysis, was chosen to characterize the relationships between flooding occurrences and twelve geographic, meteorological, and hydrological explanatory factors. The results indicate that the RF model can effectively identify flood-prone areas and has advantages over artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector machine (SVM) methods. Among these explanatory factors, the geographic factors (elevation, longitude and drainage density) are the most important predictors of flooding in China's mountainous areas, whereas the hydrological factors (relative elevation and curve number) are the least important. Two independent datasets of historical flooding events from the Bulletin of Flood and Drought Disasters in China (2006–2014) alongside news reports and yearbooks (2008–2014) were collected and chosen to validate the capability of the RF model. The validation results confirm that the RF model can identify the flood susceptibility with satisfactory accuracy. This study proposes a preliminary flood susceptibility map of mountainous areas in China and provides a reference for predicting and mitigating potentially disastrous flooding events.
The rapid development of modern industry and excessive consumption of petroleum‐based polymers have triggered a double crisis presenting a shortage of nonrenewable resources and environmental ...pollution. However, this has provided an opportunity to stimulate researchers to harness native biobased materials for novel advanced materials and applications. Nanocellulose‐based aerogels, using abundant and sustainable cellulose as raw material, present a third‐generation of aerogels that combine traditional aerogels with high porosity and large specific surface area, as well as the excellent properties of cellulose itself. Currently, nanocellulose aerogels provide a highly attention‐catching platform for a wide range of functional applications in various fields, e.g., adsorption, separation, energy storage, thermal insulation, electromagnetic interference shielding, and biomedical applications. Here, the preparation methods, modification strategies, composite fabrications, and further applications of nanocellulose aerogels are summarized, with additional discussions regarding the prospects and potential challenges in future development.
Nanocellulose aerogels are summarized in terms of their preparation methods, modification strategies, properties, and their inclusion in composites with various other compounds. Their applications with recent advancements in various fields are also presented. Finally, some conclusions and brief future prospects regarding nanocellulose aerogels are discussed.
Nucleotide‐based drugs, such as antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), have unique advantages in treating human diseases as they provide virtually unlimited ability to target any gene. However, their ...clinical translation faces many challenges, one of which is poor delivery to the target tissue in vivo. This problem is particularly evident in solid tumors. Here, liposomes are functionalized with a tumor‐homing and ‐penetrating peptide, iRGD, as a carrier of an ASO against androgen receptor (AR) for prostate cancer treatment. The iRGD‐liposomes exhibit a high loading efficiency of AR‐ASO, and an efficient knockdown of AR gene products is achieved in vitro, including AR splice variants. In vivo, iRGD‐liposomes significantly increase AR‐ASO accumulation in the tumor tissue and decrease AR expression relative to free ASOs in prostate tumors established as subcutaneous xenografts. Similar results are obtained with intra‐tibial xenografts modeling metastasis to bones, the predominant site of metastasis for prostate cancer. In treatment studies, iRGD‐liposomes markedly improve the AR‐ASO efficacy in suppressing the growth of both subcutaneous xenografts and intra‐tibial xenografts. The inhibitory effect on tumor growth is also significantly prolonged by the delivery of the AR‐ASO in the iRGD‐liposomes. Meanwhile, iRGD‐liposomes does not increase ASO accumulation or toxicity in healthy organs. Overall, a delivery system that can significantly increase ASO accumulation and efficacy in solid tumors is provided here. These benefits are achieved without significant side effects, providing a way to increase the antitumor efficacy of ASOs.
A peptide (iRGD)‐functionalized liposomal system is generated to improve the delivery of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) into solid tumors. This system increases the tumor accumulation and vascular penetration of an ASO against androgen receptor (AR) in castration‐resistant prostate cancer and bone metastases. This results in an increase in short‐ and long‐term antitumor efficacy of AR‐ASO against both primary tumors and metastasis.
•Dealing with review spammer detection problem.•We propose an unified framework for detecting author spamicity.•A set of abnormity signals were proposed from deviation angle.•An aspect-based ...deviation was designed to model latent content deviation.•Experimental results suggest that our approach is appropriate for this task.
The success of e-commerce firms is highly dependent on the increasing number of customer reviews. However, to gain profit or fame, people may try to challenge the system by writing deceptive reviews that unjustly promote and/or demote target products or services. In this paper, a unified unsupervised framework is proposed to address the problem of opinion spamming. The rationale is that although not all outlier reviews are spam, spammers usually exhibit abnormities and deviations from normal users on certain dimensions concerning the same or even many products, thereby increasing their corresponding degrees of spamming (called “spamicity” in this paper). We introduce a set of abnormity signals from a review deviation angle and also present in detail an aspect-based review deviation dimension to model latent content deviation. Afterwards, a joint review deviation divergence is computed and ranked for detecting final opinion reviewer spamicity. Results of experiments conducted on a real-life Amazon review dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Abstract
Background
There is limited evidence for successful weight gain prevention interventions targeting young adults. Developing effective interventions necessitates a theoretical model that can ...identify barriers and enablers for healthy eating and physical activity among young adults to support weight management. This study empirically examines the utility of the COM-B model as a framework for intervention planning across two behavioural contexts: eating and physical activity.
Methods
A cross-sectional survey research design was employed to empirically test the COM-B model in the contexts of young adult’s eating and physical activity behaviours. Informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework, pre-validated measures appropriate for capturing the latency of the COM (Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation) constructs were sourced. Both surveys (eating and physical activity) were administered online to two independent samples of young adults aged 18–35 years. Models were specified and tested using structural equation modelling.
Results
A total of 582 (mean age = 22.8 years; 80.3% female) and 455 (mean age = 24.9 years; 80.8% female) participants were included in the physical activity and eating analyses, respectively. The COM-B model explained 31% of variance in physical activity behaviour and 23% of variance in eating behaviour. In the physical activity model (
N
= 582), capability and opportunity were found to be associated with behaviour through the mediating effect of motivation. In the eating model (
N
= 455), capability was found to be associated with behaviour through the mediating effect of motivation. Capability was also found to mediate the association between opportunity and motivation. Consistencies and variations were observed across both models in terms of COM indicators.
Conclusions
Findings support the COM-B model’s explanatory potential in the context of young adult’s physical activity and eating behaviours. Barriers and enablers underlying young adult’s physical activity and eating behaviours were identified that represent potential targets for future intervention design. Further research is needed to validate present study findings across different populations and settings.
In medicine, nanotechnology has sparked a rapidly growing interest as it promises to solve a number of issues associated with conventional therapeutic agents, including their poor water solubility ...(at least, for most anticancer drugs), lack of targeting capability, nonspecific distribution, systemic toxicity, and low therapeutic index. Over the past several decades, remarkable progress has been made in the development and application of engineered nanoparticles to treat cancer more effectively. For example, therapeutic agents have been integrated with nanoparticles engineered with optimal sizes, shapes, and surface properties to increase their solubility, prolong their circulation half‐life, improve their biodistribution, and reduce their immunogenicity. Nanoparticles and their payloads have also been favorably delivered into tumors by taking advantage of the pathophysiological conditions, such as the enhanced permeability and retention effect, and the spatial variations in the pH value. Additionally, targeting ligands (e.g., small organic molecules, peptides, antibodies, and nucleic acids) have been added to the surface of nanoparticles to specifically target cancerous cells through selective binding to the receptors overexpressed on their surface. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that multiple types of therapeutic drugs and/or diagnostic agents (e.g., contrast agents) could be delivered through the same carrier to enable combination therapy with a potential to overcome multidrug resistance, and real‐time readout on the treatment efficacy. It is anticipated that precisely engineered nanoparticles will emerge as the next‐generation platform for cancer therapy and many other biomedical applications.
On the way to nanomedicine: Considerable advances in the development of nanoparticles for cancer therapy have been made in recent years. Nanoparticle‐based drug‐delivery systems offer advantages with regard to multidrug resistance, systemic delivery, and clearance, and enable for example specific tumor targeting and controlled release of therapeutic agents.
Endocytic pathways provide the primary route for therapeutic and diagnostic nanoparticles (NPs) to enter cells and subcellular compartments. A better understanding of these cell entry processes will ...not only aid in nanomaterial applications but also broaden our knowledge of cell biology. Among the endocytic routes, macropinocytosis has unique characteristics for engulfing NPs and other large cargo, yet its molecular machinery and involvement in NP uptake are far less characterized relative to other pathways. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the macropinocytic machinery, and its involvement in NP internalization. Particularly, we differentiate ligand (specifically peptide)-functionalized and unfunctionalized NPs (bystander NPs). While most of previous research focused on ligand-functionalized NPs, we showcase here a synergistic effect between these two NP types during their cell entry through receptor-mediated macropinocytosis. The regulation of NP uptake efficiency by extracellular amino acids is also highlighted in the context of interconnections between macropinocytosis and metabolic signaling. These discussions may fuel future research interests in improving NP internalization through this pathway, and open a new avenue to study the interplay among endocytosis, metabolism and nanomedicine.
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•This review summarizes the macropinocytosis machinery and its internalization of nanoparticles, with special focus on receptor-mediated macropinocytosis.•This review describes a synergistic entry of peptide-functionalized and bystander nanoparticles into cells through receptor-mediated macropinocytosis.•This review highlights the regulation of nanoparticle uptake efficiency by extracellular amino acids.
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