Following acute-phase infection, activated T cells are terminated to achieve immune homeostasis, failure of which results in lymphoproliferative and autoimmune diseases. We report that sterile α- and ...heat armadillo-motif-containing protein (SARM), the most conserved Toll-like receptors adaptor, is proapoptotic during T-cell immune response. SARM expression is significantly reduced in natural killer (NK)/T lymphoma patients compared with healthy individuals, suggesting that decreased SARM supports NK/T-cell proliferation. T cells knocked down of SARM survived and proliferated more significantly compared with wild-type T cells following influenza infection in vivo. During activation of cytotoxic T cells, the SARM level fell before rising, correlating inversely with cell proliferation and subsequent T-cell clearance. SARM knockdown rescued T cells from both activation- and neglect-induced cell deaths. The mitochondria-localized SARM triggers intrinsic apoptosis by generating reactive oxygen species and depolarizing the mitochondrial potential. The proapoptotic function is attributable to the C-terminal sterile alpha motif and Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domains. Mechanistically, SARM mediates intrinsic apoptosis via B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family members. SARM suppresses B cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL) and downregulates extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation, which are cell survival effectors. Overexpression of Bcl-xL and double knockout of Bcl-2 associated X protein and Bcl-2 homologous antagonist killer substantially reduced SARM-induced apoptosis. Collectively, we have shown how T-cell death following infection is mediated by SARM-induced intrinsic apoptosis, which is crucial for T-cell homeostasis.
Process of composting has been developed for recycling of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW). The bioreactor design was modified to reduce the composting process time. The main goal of ...this investigation was to find the optimal value of time period for composting of MSW in thermophilic bioreactor under aerobic condition. The temperature profiles correlated well with experimental data obtained during the maturation process. During this period biological degraders are introduced in to the reactor to accelerate the composting process. The compost materials were analyzed at various stages and the environmental parameters were considered. The final composting materials contained large organic content with in a short duration of 40 days. The quantity of volume reduction of raw MSW was 78%. The test result shows that the final compost material from the thermophilic reactor provides good humus to build up soil characteristics and some basic plant nutrients.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The therapeutic use of vildagliptin and insulin (VIL-INS) or vildagliptin and metformin in combination with insulin (VIL-MET-INS) in the Indian scenario has yet to be ...explored by generating real-world evidence. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the demographic, clinical characteristics, and treatment patterns of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Indian settings in the above context.METHODOLOGY This observational study conducted at 600 healthcare centers in India retrospectively analyzed data of adult patients with T2DM who had been treated with either vildagliptin with insulin or a combination of vildagliptin and metformin with insulin. Data were collected from medical records and analyzed by appropriate statistical tests.RESULTS A total of 12,603 patients with T2DM were included with a mean age of 53.4 years of which 63.8% were males. The majority of patients (n=6511; 51.7%) received a combination of vildagliptin and metformin on top of insulin. A significantly high proportion of patients in the age group of 18-40 years received this treatment compared to patients who were initiated on insulin treatment after vildagliptin and metformin combination (11.6% vs. 9.7%; P<0.001). Of all the patients, 70.0% were able to achieve target glycemic control with either VIS-INS or VIL-MET-INS. After treatment with VIL-INS or VIL-MET-INS, the mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels significantly decreased with a mean change of 1.46%. Out of all patients, 13.5% experienced weight changes during treatment, with 67.4% of them showing weight loss. A total of 68 patients reported hypoglycemic events and among them, 49 patients had mild hypoglycemic events. Physician global evaluation of efficacy and tolerability showed a majority of patients rated their experience as good to excellent (86.3% and 86.0%, respectively).CONCLUSION Both treatment regimens were effective in terms of reduced HbA1c to achieve glycemic control. Furthermore, it is well tolerated without an increase in the risk of hypoglycemia or weight gain. Hence, this therapy has favorable outcomes for T2DM management in Indian clinical settings.
Oxidative stress generates reactive oxygen species which causes cell damage of living organisms and are normally detoxified by antioxidants. Indirect reports signify the damages caused by reactive ...oxygen species and neutralized by antioxidant, but the direct evidence to confirm this hypothesis is still unclear. To validate our hypothesis, an attempt was made in a diazotrophic bacterium (Azotobacter chroococcum Avi2) as a biological system, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ascorbic acid were used as oxidative stress and antioxidant supplement, respectively. Additionally, rice plant-growth attributes by Avi2 was also assessed under H2O2 and ascorbic acid. Results indicated that higher concentration of H2O2 (2.5 mM-4.5 mM) showed the complete mortality of Avi2, whereas one ppm ascorbic acid neutralized the effect of H2O2. Turbidity, colony forming unit, DNA quantity, nifH gene abundance, indole acetic acid and ammonia productions were significantly (p < 0.5) increased by 11.93%, 17.29%, 19.80%, 74.77%, 71.89%, and 42.53%, respectively in Avi2-treated with 1.5 mM H2O2 plus ascorbic acid compared to 1.5 mM H2O2 alone. Superoxide dismutase was significantly (p < 0.5) increased by 60.85%, whereas catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased by 64.28% and 68.88% in Avi2-treated with 1.5 mM H2O2 plus ascorbic acid compared to 1.5 mM H2O2 alone. Germination percentage of three rice cultivars (FR13a, Naveen and Sahbhagi dhan) were significantly (p < 0.5) increased by 20%, 13.33%, and 4%, respectively in Avi2-treated with 0.6 mM H2O2 plus ascorbic acid compared with uninoculated control. Overall, this study indicated that ascorbic acid formulation neutralizes the H2O2-oxidative stress and enhances the survivability and plant growth-promoting efficacy of A. chroococcum Avi2 and therefore, it may be used as an effective formulation of bio-inoculants in rice under oxidative stress.
•Efficacy of Azotobacter chroococcum Avi2 was studied under H2O2 stress and ascorbic acid.•Higher concentration of H2O2 (2.5 mM–4.5 mM) showed a complete mortality of Avi2.•One ppm ascorbic acid neutralized the effect of H2O2 (∼4.5 mM) and retrieved Avi2 growth.•Ascorbic acid increased the diazotrophic efficacy of Avi2 by 74.77% in 1.5 mM H2O2.•Ascorbic acid enhanced the rice plant-growth attributes in Avi2-treated with 0.6 mM H2O2.
An attempt has been made to investigate the heat and mass transfer through a porous medium in the presence of Magnetohydrodynamic flow and chemical reaction. On the basis of certain assumptions, the ...momentum, energy and concentration equations are obtained. These governing equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations using self-suitable transformations and these resulting equations are solved numerically using shooting procedure with fourth order Runge-Kutta Method. The effect of various non- dimensional parameters like magnetic parameter (M), Schmidt number (Sc), Chemical reaction (Kr) are discussed with the help of graphs.
In India, the number of farmers converting to organic farming has increased in the recent past despite the lack of government support in providing knowledge and extension to the farmers. The aim of ...this article is to investigate the perceived relevance, benefits and barriers to a conversion to organic agriculture in three different Indian contexts—in Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and Uttarakhand states. In each state, 40 farmers from both organic and conventional systems were interviewed. The findings indicated that conventional producers identified production and marketing barriers as the main constraints to adopting organic farming, while the age and education of the farmer were not deemed a problem. Lack of knowledge and lack of institutional support were other barriers to conversion. Some farmers were, however, interested in converting to organic farming in the near future in Madhya Pradesh due to the low cost of production, and in Tamil Nadu and Uttarakhand due to the price premium and health benefits. On the other hand, organic farmers were more concerned with health, environmental and production factors when institutional support was available. The years under conversion were positively associated with reduced input costs in all three states and with increased income in Tamil Nadu and increased yield in Madhya Pradesh. Both organic and conventional farmers found the two production factors, low yield and pest control, to be of major concern. However, organic farms in Madhya Pradesh and Uttarakhand experienced yield increases because most of the farms were in the post-conversion period, while the farms in Tamil Nadu were in the conversion period and experienced yield reduction. The study suggests that the government scheme for compensating yield loss during the conversion period and a price premium may help farmers adopt organic agriculture on a large scale in India.
Phosphorus (P) is a major limiting factor for plant growth. Long-term organic fertilization increases P availability by improving soil microbial and chemical properties. To study this, rice was grown ...under different treatments, namely, control, farmyard manure (FYM), green manure (GM), FYM + GM (1:1) (FYGM), FYM +
Azolla
(1:1) (FYAZ), rice straw (5 t ha
−1
) + GM (GMRSF),
Azolla
+ GM (1:1) (GMAZ) and rice straw (2.5 t ha
−1
) + GM (GMRSH), with the aim of comparative evaluation of microbiological and chemical changes occurring in the rice soil after 15 years of rice-fallow cycles. The results showed that organic fertilization increased dehydrogenase activity by 12–50% over the control. Both acid (166.1 μg PNP g
−1
h
−1
) and alkaline phosphatase (46.1 μg PNP g
−1
h
−1
) activities were found highest in GMRSH. Long-term application of organic fertilization increased the pools of active/labile C (microbial biomass carbon, readily mineralizable carbon), N (microbial biomass nitrogen) and P (microbial biomass phosphorus) in the soil. Bacterial and fungal populations were observed higher in the FYM treatment than in the control. However, the populations of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and fungi (PSF) were observed highest in GMRSH and FYAZ, respectively. Non-occluded Al and Fe-P (125.94 kg ha
−1
) was highest in GMRSH, while occluded P (6.46 kg ha
−1
) was highest in GMRSF. Thus, long-term (15 years) organic fertilization improves PSB and PSF populations, contributing to better P transformation in the soil. GMRSH and GMRSF treatments were found to be effective organic fertilization in increasing enzymatic activities, available phosphate fractions and microbial biomass in soil.
An investigation was undertaken to study the response of soil microbes, soil enzymes and yield of wet direct sown rice on application of different herbicide mixtures for controlling weeds. The ...treatments consisted of nine different combinations of herbicides involving azimsulfuron, bispyribac sodium, flucetosulfuron, penoxsulam, cyhalofop-butyl, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, ethoxysulfuron, XR-848 benzyl ester, bensulfuron methyl and pretilachlor, with a herbicide check and two controls. Soil enzymes, viz
.
fluorescein diacetate hydrolase, dehydrogenase, urease, acid and alkaline phosphatase, and population of soil microbes, viz. bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, diazotrophs, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and
Pseudomonas
, were studied. Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl + ethoxysulfuron recorded the highest populations (86.07 × 10
6
cfu/g soil) among all herbicidal treatments at 10 DAHA, while flucetosulfuron + bispyribac sodium recorded the highest population at 30 DAHA (116.40 × 10
6
cfu/g soil). Also flucetosulfuron + bispyribac registered the highest PSB population (119.40 × 10
3
cfu/g soil and 178.98 × 10
3
cfu/g soil) and actinomycetes population (134. 4 × 10
4
cfu/g soil and 174.97 × 10
4
cfu/g soil) at both 10 DAHA and 30 DAHA. Application of XR-848 benzyl ester + cyhalofop-butyl and flucetosulfuron + bispyribac sodium recorded the highest soil microbial activity. Among herbicidal treatments, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl + ethoxysulfuron recorded the highest yield of 4.88 t/ha; however, it was at par with penoxsulam + cyhalofop-butyl (4.75 t/ha), azimsulfuron + bispyribac sodium (4.68 t/ha), flucetosulfuron + bispyribac sodium (4.57 t/ha) and bispyribac sodium + ethoxysulfuron (4.46 t/ha). Considering the response of soil microbial activity and the grain yield of rice, flucetosulfuron + bispyribac sodium may be recommended in direct sown rice.
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•The nanocomposite CDs@C3N4 is a label free fluorescence for highly sensitive and selective detection of Cr (VI), Cu (II) and Pb (II) ions.•The green synthesis procedure, specific ...adsorption ability of metal ions at different pH, and response time for recovery of carbon dots exhibits the uniqueness in sensing metal ions.•The simplicity in analysis procedure, biocompatible, cost effective and non-toxic nature of organic nanocomposite was easy to access.•The fluorescence sensor is potentially applicable for environmental samples.
We report a simple new approach on green synthesized carbon dots@graphitic-carbon nitride (CDs@g-C3N4) nanocomposite to explore the potential application of "Turn-On" fluorescent sensor for signaling the detection of multiple heavy metal ions. As prepared fluorescent CDs exhibits a high dispersibility and g-C3N4 nanosheets show a good exfoliation to strongly hold the CDs over its surface to constitute a label-free sensor. Initially, the fluorescence intensity of CDs was quenched via excited state non-radiative energy transfer process from CDs to g-C3N4 sheets. However, on hosting of metal ions into CDs@g-C3N4 nanocomposite it forms a strong surface complex with g-C3N4 nanosheets, which may encourage the recovery of CDs. More interestingly, the sensing performance was investigated at different pH to understand the switching in surface charge of g-C3N4 nanosheets, which has significantly improved the sensitivity for detection of Cr (VI), Cu (II) and Pb (II) ions with a LOD of 0.54 nM, 0.18 nM and 0.2 nM respectively. Moreover, this proposed sensor was expected to be prompt, convenient, low cost, an eco-friendly and sensitive platform for the detecting of heavy metal ions in practical samples with satisfying results.
► Guava is the most important perennial fruit crop rich in vitamins, and antioxidant. ► Actinomycetes isolated from G. mosseae were identified as Streptomyces sp. ► All the five isolates exhibit ...beneficial attributes to facilitate the plant growth. ► The findings of this study indicated the benefits of actinomycetes as biofertilizer.
A total of eight actinomycetes were isolated from Glomus mosseae spores predominant in the rhizosphere of guava (Psidium guajava L. cv Arka Mridula) orchards in Karnataka State, southern India. Five isolates were identified using RNA polymerase β-subunit gene primers as Streptomyces fradiae, S. avermitilis, S. cinnamonensis, Leifsonia poae and Streptomyces canus. All the isolates were tested for beneficial attributes like growth promotion, production of growth hormones like IAA and GA3, phosphate solubilization, siderophore production and antagonistic activity against pathogens including chitinase activity. S. canus recorded increase in guava height and plant dry matter (25.58%, 30.89%) over control followed by S. avermitilis (20.75%, 30%) and S. cinnamonensis (14.05%, 22%) and L. poae (11.09%, 20%) in 10 month-old P. guajava seedlings grown with actinomycetes cultures mixed in coco peat growth medium at 10−8cfug−1 substrate. All the isolates produced growth hormones at varying levels. S. canus produced 10.1μgml−1 of IAA and 12.0μgml−1 of GA3, the highest, compared to others. S. avermitilis, S. canus and L. poae exhibited higher activity of phosphate solubilization, siderophore production and chitin degrading activity out of the five isolates. All the isolates tested in dual culture possessed strong antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria solani. The findings from this current study clearly indicated the possibilities of using mycorrhizae associated actinomycetes as bioinoculant for growth promotion, nutrient mobilization and biocontrol agent in guava seedling production.
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