In cities, positive self-organization, reflecting the preferred pattern formation resulting from dissipative decision making of activities, is a key promoter of urban dynamics. The urban planning ...system is limited in recognizing it, but planners adapt to these autonomous processes by deviating from the plan. The result is a dual system of rules and systematic exceptions, which lacks the ability to steer and evaluate the overall direction of urban progress. Similar yet explicit dual problem-solving procedures of statutory rule frameworks and adaptations applying previous cases are common in many fields. Applying this multi-disciplinary knowledge, I propose a dual, computation-supported planning procedure combining rule-based and case-based reasoning. Such planning could respond to urban self-organization, while guiding urban dynamics in a consistent manner. The operation of this coupled system is illustrated using the empirical example of Lielahti, a mixed-use working place district in the Finnish city of Tampere in an exploratory manner.
Abstract
Background
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) has an unknown aetiology and limited treatment options. A recent meta-analysis identified three novel causal variants in the
TERT
,
SPDL1
, and
...KIF15
genes. This observational study aimed to investigate whether the aforementioned variants cause clinical phenotypes in a well-characterised IPF cohort.
Methods
The study consisted of 138 patients with IPF who were diagnosed and treated at the Helsinki University Hospital and genotyped in the FinnGen FinnIPF study.
Data on > 25 clinical parameters were collected by two pulmonologists who were blinded to the genetic data for patients with
TERT
loss of function and missense variants,
SPDL1
and
KIF15
missense variants, and a
MUC5B
variant commonly present in patients with IPF, or no variants were separately analysed.
Results
The
KIF15
missense variant is associated with the early onset of the disease, leading to progression to early-age transplantation or death. In patients with the
KIF15
variant, the median age at diagnosis was 54.0 years (36.5–69.5 years) compared with 72.0 years (65.8–75.3 years) in the other patients
(P
= 0.023). The proportion of
KIF15
variant carriers was 9- or 3.6-fold higher in patients aged < 55 or 65 years, respectively. The variants for
TERT
and
MUC5B
had similar effects on the patient’s clinical course, as previously described. No distinct phenotypes were observed in patients with the
SPDL1
variant.
Conclusions
Our study indicated the potential of
KIF15
to be used in the genetic diagnostics of IPF. Further studies are needed to elucidate the biological mechanisms of
KIF15
in IPF.
•Free and open-source hardware (FOSH) is documented for research hardware.•Simple FOSH reduce costs over 90% compared to proprietary tools.•Opportunity to fund complex FOSH.•Finland's science funders ...could save between 2.84–27.7m€/year with FOSH.•Generalized model for determining national research policy in hardware development.
Free and open-source hardware (FOSH) is rapidly gaining momentum because it provides customized research hardware with over 90% savings compared to the costs of proprietary tools. However, the focused skill sets of researchers who aim to facilitate their own research limit FOSH complexity. The most expensive research equipment normally requires an interdisciplinary team. To overcome this complexity barrier and obtain large returns on investment for research funders by replacing the most expensive proprietary research equipment with FOSH, new development funding mechanisms are needed. To guide such research policy, this paper provides the first analysis of the strategic national benefit of applying the FOSH approach to major research equipment for any nation. The results of an example analysis for a single nation indicate Finland's science funders could save between 2.84–27.7m€/year directly on scientific equipment purchases if research hardware is converted to FOSH and the nation would likely garner the well-established concomitant benefits of increased research innovation within their economy. Finally, a detailed generalized model for determining national research policy in hardware development is derived and research policy mechanisms for accelerating FOSH deployment and greater accessibility to research equipment are discussed.
The spectroscopic quadrupole moment of the first 2+ state of 12C has been measured employing the Coulomb-excitation re-orientation technique. Our result of Qs(21+)=+9.3−3.8+3.5efm2 suggests a larger ...oblate deformation than previously reported. Combining this with the consistently re-analyzed adopted value, we present the most precise value to date of Qs(21+)=+9.5(18)efm2, which is consistent with a geometrical rotor description. This simple outcome is compared to state-of-the-art shell-model, mean-field, ab initio calculations, cluster-based and geometrical-like theories, which show varying degrees of emergent quadrupole collectivity.
The electromagnetic character of the ΔI=1 transitions connecting the 1- to 0-phonon and the 2- to 1-phonon wobbling bands should be dominated by an E2 component, due to the collective motion of the ...entire nuclear charge. In the present work it is shown, based on combined angular correlation and linear polarization measurements, that the mixing ratios of all analyzed connecting transitions between low-lying bands in 135Pr interpreted as 0-, 1-, and 2-phonon wobbling bands, have absolute values smaller than one. This indicates predominant M1 magnetic character, which is incompatible with the proposed wobbling nature. All experimental observables are instead in good agreement with quasiparticle-plus-triaxial-rotor model calculations, which describe the bands as resulting from a rapid re-alignment of the total angular momentum from the short to the intermediate nuclear axis.
The jurogam 3 spectrometer Pakarinen, J.; Ojala, J.; Ruotsalainen, P. ...
The European physical journal. A, Hadrons and nuclei,
05/2020, Letnik:
56, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The
jurogam 3
spectrometer has been constructed for in-beam
γ
-ray spectroscopy experiments in the Accelerator Laboratory of the University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
jurogam 3
consists of ...germanium-detector modules in a compact geometry surrounding a target to measure
γ
rays emitted from radioactive nuclei.
jurogam 3
can be employed in conjunction with one of two recoil separators, the
mara
vacuum-mode separator or the
ritu
gas-filled separator, and other ancillary devices.
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