Seaweed fertilizer, formulated primarily with seaweed extract as its main ingredient, has been extensively studied and found to significantly improve nutrient use efficiency, increase crop yield and ...quality, and enhance soil properties under field conditions. This growing body of evidence shows that seaweed fertilizer is a suitable option for sustainable agriculture in China. However, a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of the overall effects of seaweed fertilizer application in China is lacking. To address this gap, we conducted a meta-analysis of relevant studies on the effects of seaweed fertilizers under field conditions in China with MetaWin and SPSS software. Our analysis examined the effects of seaweed fertilizers on crop yield, quality, and growth under different preparation methods, application techniques, and regions. Our results showed that the application of seaweed fertilizer led to a significant average increase in crop yield of 15.17% compared with the control treatments. Root & tuber crops exhibited the most pronounced response, with a yield boost of 21.19%. Moreover, seaweed fertilizer application significantly improved crop quality, with elevations in the sugar-acid ratio (38.32%) vitamin C (18.07%), starch (19.65%), and protein (11.45%). In addition, plant growth parameters such as height, stem thickness, root weight, and leaf area showed significant enhancement with seaweed fertilizer use. The yield-increasing effect of seaweed fertilizers varied depending on their preparation and use method, climate, and soil of application location. Our study provides fundamental reference data for the efficient and scientific application of seaweed fertilizers in agricultural practices.
Our study focused on the risk factors associated with anterior circulation intracranial aneurysm (IA) rupture by examining the carotid artery (CA) tortuosity index (TI) and anterior circulation IA ...morphological parameters.
This study conducted a retrospective analysis of clinical and imaging data from 163 patients with anterior circulation IA diagnosed by head and neck computed tomography angiography (CTA). The patients were categorized into two groups: the ruptured group (57 cases) and the unruptured group (106 cases). CA was categorized based on its location into three segments: the extracranial segment of the internal carotid artery (EICA) TI, the angle of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and the common carotid artery (CCA) TI. Measure the morphological parameters of all IA: IA length neck (L), IA height (H), aneurysm diameter width (D), the ratio of L to the mean diameter of the IA-bearing artery (SR), the ratio of H to D (AR), the angle of flow inflow (FA) and IA angle (AA). The study conducted five types of analysis to determine the risk factors for anterior circulation IA rupture. The first was an univariate analysis of the risk factors. The second was an analysis of the correlation between CA TI and IA morphological parameters. The third used multivariate logistic stepwise regression analysis to analyse independent risk factors for IA rupture. The fourth was to plot ROC curves to build a predictive model for IA rupture and calculate diagnostic thresholds. Finally, a data set from another hospital (78 cases) was used as a validation set to validate the multivariate model.
Univariate analysis revealed that there were statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in gender, EICA TI, location of IA and IA morphological parameters (FA, H, AR, L, SR), which acted as risk factors for anterior circulation IA rupture. The results of Spearman correlation analysis indicate that CCA TI is significantly correlated with SR, H and L (P < 0.05), while EICA TI is significantly correlated with FA and L (P < 0.05). The results of multivariate logistic analysis showed that FA (OR = 1.072, 95%CI = 1.04–1.10, P < 0.001), SR (OR = 4.949, 95%CI = 1.96–12.53, P = 0.001), EICA TI (OR = 1.037, 95%CI = 1.01–1.07, P = 0.003) were independent risk factors for IA rupture. The ROC curve plotting results suggest that the area under the curve (AUC) of FA is 0.860 with a diagnostic threshold of 110.1°; the AUC of SR is 0.786 with a diagnostic threshold of 1.67; the AUC of EICA TI is 0.723 with a diagnostic threshold of 28.845; the AUC of the three combined is 0.903 with a threshold of 0.480. The combined factor diagnostic model is validated according to the validation set, and the results show that the AUC (0.866) of the validation set is not much different from the AUC (0.903) of the multivariate model, and the multivariate model has a better diagnostic effect.
In clinical practice, it is important to consider the evaluation of aneurysm rupture in combination with imaging, as FA, SR and ECIA TI are independent risk factors for IA rupture in the anterior circulation. Unlike the IA morphological parameters, EICA TI is an often overlooked extracranial parameter, but is equally important in its power to predict IA rupture. When the EICA TI exceeds 28.845, the IA has the possibility of rupture. Finally, multivariate diagnostic model are of interest when considering rupture of the anterior circulation IA.
•A single intracranial morphological parameter cannot accurately determine whether an aneurysm will rupture.•Morphological parameters are easier to measure in clinical work than hemodynamics.•Carotid tortuosity index is more objective than morphological observation method.•Internal carotid artery tortuosity is more likely to occur in clinical work.•Intracranial and extracranial morphological parameters can more accurately predict whether an aneurysm will rupture.
Abstract Crustal deformation and hydrothermal percolation related to the India‐Asia collision have caused extensive remagnetization of the Tethyan Himalaya Terrane (THT). The present work identified ...three phases of regional remagnetization during 62.3–50.0 Ma for the east‐central THT. Consequently, a model of three‐stage India‐Asia collision was proposed. The east‐central THT first collided with the southward migrated southern margin of the Lhasa Terrane (LT) at 5.4 ± 0.9°N during 62.3–60.9 Ma. Subsequently, the THT continuously moved northward and pushed the southern margin of the LT back to its original position prior to the initiation of fore‐arc and back‐arc extension on both sides of the Gangdese magmatic arc. Since the final suturing of the THT with Asia at ∼10°N during 59.8–58.0 Ma, the east‐central THT remained stationary until India collided with it at 10.9 ± 5.1°N at ∼50.0 Ma.
Plain Language Summary The collision of India and Asia caused intense tectonic deformation and hydrothermal alteration throughout the Tethyan Himalaya Terrane (THT), which resulted in the large‐scale remagnetization in the THT. The regional remagnetization of the THT can be used to constrain the India‐Asia collision process, on the premise that the time of remagnetization can be determined. Based on this assumption, we measured two representative Paleocene remagnetized components from Early Jurassic limestones in the Gyangze Basin in the east‐central THT. These remagnetized components, combined with non‐remagnetized components and remagnetization events recorded in the adjacent areas, suggest that the east‐central THT experienced three phases of regional remagnetization during 62.3–50.0 Ma. The first and second phases of remagnetization in the north‐central part of the east‐central THT occurred at the paleolatitude of 5.4 ± 0.9°N at 62.3–60.9 Ma and 10.3 ± 1.0°N–9.5 ± 1.1°N at 59.8–58.0 Ma, respectively. The third phase of remagnetization occurred in the southern part of the east‐central THT, at the paleolatitude of 10.9 ± 5.1°N at ∼50.0 Ma. Consequently, a model of three‐stage India‐Asia collision and southward spreading tectonic deformation of the THT was proposed based on these successive remagnetizations.
Key Points The east‐central Tethyan Himalaya Terrane (THT) experienced three phases of large‐scale remagnetization during 62.3–50.0 Ma The collision of THT with the Lhasa Terrane commenced at 62.3–60.9 Ma and finished at 59.8–58.5 Ma India finally collided with the THT at the paleolatitude of ∼10.9 ± 5.1°N at ∼50.0 Ma
Tissue-engineered bone grafts (TEBGs) that undergo vascularization and neurotization evolve into functioning bone tissue. Previously, we verified that implanting sensory nerve tracts into TEBGs ...promoted osteogenesis. However, the precise mechanisms and interaction between seed cells were not explored. In this study, we hypothesized that neurotization may influence the osteogenesis of TEBGs through vascularization.
We cultured rat Schwann cells (SCs), aortic endothelial cells (AECs), and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and then obtained BM-MSC-derived induced endothelial cells (IECs) and induced osteoblasts (IOBs). IECs and AECs were cultured in an SC-conditioned medium (SC-CM) to assess proliferation, migration, capillary-like tube formation, and angiogenesis, and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in the supernatants were detected. We established an indirect coculture model to detect the expression of nestin and VEGF receptors in IECs and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2 in SCs. Then, SCs, IECs, and IOBs were labeled and loaded into a β-tricalcium phosphate scaffold to induce prevascularization, and the scaffold was implanted into a 6-mm-long defect of rat femurs. Three groups were set up according to the loaded cells: I, SCs, and IECs (coculture for 3 days) plus IOBs; II, IECs (culture for 3 days) plus IOBs; III, IOBs. Nestin and TIMP-2 expression and osteogenesis of TEBGs were evaluated at 12 weeks post-implantation through histological and radiological assessments.
We found that SC-CM promoted IEC proliferation, migration, capillary-like tube formation, and angiogenesis, but no similar effects were observed for AECs. IECs expressed nestin extensively, while AECs barely expressed nestin, and SC-CM promoted the VEGF secretion of IECs. In the coculture model, SCs promoted nestin and VEGF receptor expression in IECs, and IECs inhibited TIMP-2 expression in SCs. The promotion of prevascularized TEBGs by SCs and IECs in group I augmented new bone formation at 6 and 12 weeks. Nestin expression was higher in group I than in the other groups, while TIMP-2 expression was lower at 12 weeks.
This study demonstrated that SCs can promote TEBG osteogenesis via IECs and further revealed the related specific characteristics of IECs, providing preliminary cytological evidence for neurotization of TEBGs.
Carbon nanotubes can potentially stimulate phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil by promoting plant biomass and root growth. Yet, the regulating mechanism of carbon nanotubes on the ...rhizosphere microenvironment and their potential ecological risks remain poorly characterized. The purpose of this study was to systematically evaluate the effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MCNT) on the diversity and structure of rhizosphere soil bacterial and fungal communities, as well as soil enzyme activities and nutrients, in Solanum nigrum L. (S. nigrum)-soil system. Here, S. nigrum were cultivated in heavy metal(loid)s contaminated soils applied with MCNT (100, 500, and 1000 mg kg-1 by concentration, none MCNT addition as control) for 60 days. Our results demonstrated more significant urease, sucrase, and acid phosphatase activities in MCNT than in control soils, which benefit to promoting plant growth. Also, there were significant reductions in available nitrogen and available potassium contents with the treatment of MCNT, while the organic carbon and available phosphorus were not affected by MCNT application. Notably, the alpha diversity of bacterial and fungal communities in the MCNT treatments did not significantly vary relative to control. However, the soil microbial taxonomic compositions were changed under the application of MCNT. Compared to the control, MCNT application increased the relative abundances of the Micrococcaceae family, Solirubrobacteraceae family, and Conexibacter genus, which were positively correlated with plant growth. In addition, the non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis revealed that the community structure of bacterial and fungal communities did not significantly change among all the treatments, and bacterial community structure was significantly correlated with soil organic carbon. At the same time, sucrase activity had the highest relation to fungal community structure. This study highlighted soil microbes have strong resistance and adaptation ability to carbon nanotubes with existence of plants, and revealed linkage between the rhizosphere microenvironment and plant growth, which well improved our understanding of carbon nanotubes in heavy metal phytoremediation.
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•MCNT application decreased soil nutrient contents.•MCNT led to significant improvement in microbial activity in rhizosphere soil.•MCNT had limited effect on soil bacterial and fungal diversity.•Soil fungi were less sensitive to MCNT than bacteria under heavy metal(loid)s stress.•Some significant biomarkers showed a positive correlation with plant growth.
As a kind of potential cathode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), P2-type Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 (P2-NNMO) suffers from the dissolution of transition metals and severe side reactions in conventional ...electrolytes, which greatly deteriorates its electrochemical performance. Herein, an artificial cathode-electrolyte interface (CEI) is in situ constructed on P2-NNMO cathode based on a spontaneous redox reaction between P2-NNMO material and organic solvent tetrahydrofuran (THF). The uniform and robust CEI layer on P2-NNMO cathode (named P2-NNMO-T) mainly comprises organic Na-based species (R-O-Na, R-CO-Na, and R-O2CO-Na), and converts from an initial thickness of 2 nm into 4.6 nm after cycling. It can serve as a versatile interlayer to facilitate Na+ transport, shield the attack of electrolyte solvents, and suppress the transition metal dissolution effectively, thus boosting the cycling stability and fast charging capability of P2-NNMO cathodes. More importantly, the concept of in situ CEI construction can be extended to other layered oxides beyond SIBs discussed herein.
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•In-situ construction of uniform and robust CEI was achieved through a novel and facile interface engineering approach.•The organic-rich CEI serves as a versatile interlayer to facilitate Na+ transport and shield the attack of electrolyte.•Interfacial organic-rich CEI suppresses the transition metal dissolution effectively.•In-situ CEI construction boosts the cycling stability and fast charging capability of P2-NNMO cathodes.
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Ammonia oxidation reaction (AOR) via electrocatalysis is one of the most efficient ways of utilizing ammonia (a zero-carbon fuel with high hydrogen content) for renewable energy ...systems. However, AOR seriously suffers from the slow kinetics, and low durability due to its multi-electron transfer process and the poison of the reaction intermediates (Nads and NOads) to precious metal catalysts. Herein, hyperbranched concave octahedral nanodendrites of PtIrCu (HCOND) with high-index facets of {553}, {331} and {221} were developed for the first time using a solvothermal method. The HCOND possesses PtIr-rich edges and exhibit highly efficient AOR activity and stability in alkaline media, wherein their onset potential is 0.35 V vs.RHE, which is 60 mV and 160 mV lower than that of the PtIrCu nanoparticles (NPs) (0.41 V) and commercial Pt/C (0.51 V), respectively, and its high mass activity of 40.6 A gPtIr-1 at the 0.5 V vs.RHE is 10.3 times, 2.34 times higher than that of commercial Pt/C (3.9 A gPt-1) and PtIrCu NPs (17.3 A gPtIr–1), respectively. In addition, its peak current density (122.9 A gPtIr-1) is only reduced by 17.7% after 2000-cycles accelerated durability test. Meanwhile, the performance of PtIrCu HCOND is also better than that of other previously reported morphologies of Pt based catalysts (eg. nanoparticles, nanocubes, nanofilm, nanoflowers). The improvement is critically ascribed to unique advantages of the specific HCOND structure including PtIr rich surface, high-index faceted nanodendrites, strong lattice strain and electronic effects. These characteristics endow the HCOND with great promise to reduce Pt and Ir loading dramatically in the practical application of direct ammonia fuel cells.
Safe and efficient deep drilling is a fundamental requirement for the development of oil and gas resources. In this regard, the application of membrane separation technology for drilling fluid gas ...separation and monitoring is highly significant. In this study, several commonly used permeable membrane materials were analyzed, and a PDMS separation membrane was preliminarily selected as a suitable material for downhole gas separation. We designed an experimental setup to investigate the separation performance of PDMS membranes. The effects of the separation pressure difference, operating temperature, and membrane thickness on the performance of PDMS membranes were analyzed, and the microstructure changes in the PDMS membrane under high temperature and pressure were observed using a scanning electron microscopy. The experimental results showed that PDMS membranes with a thickness of 150–200 μm can work stably and maintain good strength and permeability at a separation pressure difference of 1.1 MPa and a temperature of 150 °C. The SEM observations revealed that the PDMS separation membrane had a smooth surface and uniform microstructure after continuous operations for 15 h under the temperature and pressure conditions, without any cracks, demonstrating high temperature and pressure resistance. These research results provide an important reference for the application of PDMS separation membranes in downhole gas separation technology.
Plastic film mulching (PFM) is critical for agricultural planting and maximizing production in semiarid and arid areas. Particulate organic matter (POM) is assumed to be a sensitive indicator for ...evaluating the effects of different agricultural practices on soil fertility and the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool. Soil aggregates have the function of ‘wrap’ and protect the POM stored in them. However, there is limited information regarding how PFM and fertilization jointly influence the dynamic changes of newly added stalk‐derived POM in brown earth. Consequently, an in‐depth study of the fate of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) derived from maize stalk residues within the particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) fractions in soil aggregates was undertaken. Its outcome would contribute to better predictions on the active organic matter components sequestered in the soil. The dynamics and accumulation of newly added maize stalk C and N as POC and PON in different soil aggregates (using the dry sieving method divided into >2, 1–2, 0.25–1 and <0.25 mm) were analysed by an in situ 13C/15N‐tracing technique under PFM and different fertilization treatments. Over 360 days of cultivation, the POC and PON contents were significantly (p < 0.05) larger in the nitrogen (N) and organic manure (M) treatments than in the MN (manure combined with nitrogen) and Control treatments. The PFM treatment accelerated the decomposition of maize stalk C in the N fertilizer treatment, with an increase of 64% in stalk‐derived POC after the 1‐day cultivation period. Stalk‐derived POM tended to accumulate in <0.25 mm microaggregates in the early cultivation period and then decreased rapidly with the extension of the cultivation period affected by PFM coupled with fertilization. However, stalk‐derived POM accumulation in macroaggregates (>0.25 mm) fluctuated over the 360‐day cultivation period. Accordingly, PFM application and fertilization practices had important effects on the accumulation of newly added stalk‐derived POM in soil aggregates. We conclude that the accumulation of maize residue POM was primarily affected by soil fertilization type, rather than by the presence or absence of PFM. These results provide new insights into agricultural management strategies for improving soil carbon sequestration capacity.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to high rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide with few effective treatments. Excessive oxidative stress and local inflammation at the injury site are ...considered as the critical factors that determine the therapeutic outcome. In our previous study, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth-derived exosomes (SHED-Exo) promoted functional recovery of TBI by amelioration of neuro-inflammation. However, the effect was restricted due to unsustainable exosome release and existed oxidative stress that aggravate secondary insult of TBI. To obtain a long-time anti-inflammatory effect of SHED-Exo and attenuate oxidative stress simultaneously, we designed a bioactive antioxidant poly (citrate-gallic acid)-based hybrid hydrogel (FPGEGa) that encapsulate SHED-Exo for treating TBI. The thermosensitive, injectable, self-healing and antioxidant FPGEGa presented ultralong sustained release of SHED-Exo (above 21 days) and significantly decreased the intracellular ROS production of microglia in the central nervous system. FPGEGa carrying SHED-Exo (FPGEGa@SHED-Exo) exhibited better anti-inflammatory potential on microglia, by promoting M2 (anti-inflammatory) polarization and inhibiting M1 (pro-inflammatory) polarization. FPGEGa@SHED-Exo could improve the neuro-regeneration of TBI rats by rescuing damaged motor functions in rats as well as regenerating impaired cortical tissues. The present work suggested that SHED-Exo engineered bioactive antioxidative hydrogel may be promising in achieving satisfactory functional recovery in TBI and other related neurological disorders.
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