Reactive impurities in excipients can cause drug product degradation or protein modification even at trace levels, and thus impact drug stability and quality. It is critical to understand the ...potential impact of these impurities during development in order to ensure a robust clinical and commercial product. In this article, we review reactive impurities in pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical excipients for both small molecule and large molecule drugs. The common reactive impurities in excipients, including peroxides, aldehydes, organic acids, reducing sugars and elemental impurities are reviewed. Sources of these impurities, reactions and impact, analytical methods, and control and risk mitigation strategies are also discussed.
•Critical review of reactive impurities in pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical excipients.•Included peroxides, aldehydes, organic acids, reducing sugars, elemental impurities, etc.•Discussed impurity sources, reactions, analytical methods, and control and risk mitigation strategies.
A multiyear tag and recapture study was conducted to determine whether channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus were migratory and if they had strong homing tendencies. Over 10,000 channel catfish were ...tagged from the lower Wisconsin River and adjacent waters of the upper Mississippi River during the 3‐year sampling period. Data on movements were obtained from study recaptures and through tag returns and harvest information provided by sport anglers and commercial fishers. Channel catfish occupied relatively small home ranges during summer, migrated downstream to the upper Mississippi River in autumn, then migrated back up the Wisconsin River in spring to spawn and to occupy the same summer home sites they had used in previous summers. Fish size was a factor in the degree of fidelity to summer home sites, with larger fish showing greater fidelity.
The CDF Run IIb silicon detector Aoki, M.; Bacchetta, N.; Behari, S. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
02/2004, Letnik:
518, Številka:
1
Journal Article
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Fermilab plans to deliver 5–15
fb
−1 of integrated luminosity to the CDF and D0 experiments. The current inner silicon detectors at CDF (SVXIIa and L00) will not tolerate the radiation dose ...associated with high-luminosity running and will need to be replaced. A new readout chip (SVX4) has been designed in radiation-hard 0.25
μm, CMOS technology. Single-sided sensors are arranged in a compact structure, called a stave, with integrated readout and cooling systems. This paper describes the general design of the Run IIb system, testing results of prototype electrical components (staves), and prototype silicon sensor performance before and after irradiation.
We examined changes in angling effort, catch and catch rates, and fishing and natural mortality of bluegills Lepomis macrochirus associated with mechanical plant harvesting in a lake heavily infested ...with Eurasian watermilfoil Myriophyllum spicatum. In August 1994, 18% of the total plant biomass was removed in a radial pattern of 2‐m‐wide channels in Fish Lake, Dane County, Wisconsin. After the vegetation removal, winter angler hours increased significantly, whereas summer angler hours did not. The number of boat trips in summer increased significantly, but the number of shore trips did not. Catch rates and total catch of bluegills did not change significantly, but the size structure of harvested bluegills increased. Catches of bluegills by shore anglers decreased in summer, whereas catches of bluegills by boat anglers increased. Natural mortality declined for bluegills of ages 4–6, but fishing mortality more than doubled for bluegills of the same ages. We conclude that removal of Eurasian watermilfoil may increase winter angler effort, decrease natural mortality of bluegills, and increase fishing mortality of bluegills. We also conclude that removing vegetation may improve the quality of the bluegill fishery, as evidenced by the increase in the number of larger bluegills harvested. However, this study lacked the replication and controls needed to separate the effects of plant harvesting from those of other biotic and abiotic factors.
CDF run IIb silicon detector: the innermost layer Merkel, P.; Azzi, P.; Bacchetta, N. ...
IEEE transactions on nuclear science,
2004-Oct., 2004-10-00, 20041001, Letnik:
51, Številka:
5
Journal Article
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The innermost layer (L00) of the Run IIa silicon detector of CDF was planned to be replaced for the high luminosity Tevatron upgrade of Run IIb. This new silicon layer (L0) is designed to be a ...radiation tolerant replacement for the otherwise very similar L00 from Run IIa. The data are read out via long, fine-pitch, low-mass cables allowing the hybrids with the chips to sit at higher z(/spl sim/70 cm), outside of the tracking volume. The design and first results from the prototyping phase are presented. Special focus is placed on the amount and the structure of induced noise as well as signal-to-noise values.
We examined changes in populations of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and bluegill Lepomis macrochirus associated with mechanical plant harvesting in a lake heavily infested with Eurasian ...watermilfoil Myriophyllum spicatum. In Aug 1994, 18% of the total plant biomass in Fish Lake, Dane County, Wisconsin, was removed in a radial pattern of 2‐m‐wide channels. Largemouth bass and bluegill abundance, survival, growth, and length frequency were compared between pretreatment (1992–1993) and posttreatment (1995–1996) years. Following vegetation removal, mean abundance of largemouth bass and bluegill did not change significantly, but growth increased for age‐2–4 largemouth bass and declined for age‐5 largemouth bass and age‐4–5 bluegills. Survival increased for age‐2, −3, and −5 largemouth bass and age‐4–6 bluegills. Population size structure increased for both species. We conclude that removal of Eurasian watermilfoil may increase growth and survival of some age‐groups of centrarchid populations without altering the abundance of either species. However, this study lacked replication and control that is needed to separate effects of plant harvesting from effects of other biotic and abiotic factors.
CDF run IIb silicon vertex detector DAQ upgrade Behari, S.; Bacchetta, N.; Bolla, G. ...
IEEE transactions on nuclear science,
2004-Dec., 2004-12-00, 20041201, Letnik:
51, Številka:
6
Journal Article
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The Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) operates in the beamline of the Tevatron proton-antiproton collider at Batavia, IL. The Tevatron is expected to undergo luminosity upgrades (Run IIb) in the ...future, resulting in a higher number of interactions per beam crossing. To operate in this dense radiation environment, an upgrade of the CDF's silicon vertex detector subsystem and a corresponding upgrade of its VME-based DAQ system has been explored. Prototypes of all the Run IIb SVX DAQ components have been constructed, assembled into a test stand, and operated successfully using an adapted version of the CDF's network-capable DAQ software. In addition, a PCI-based DAQ system has been developed as a fast and inexpensive tool for silicon detector and DAQ component testing in the production phase. We present an overview of the Run IIb silicon DAQ upgrade, emphasizing the new features and improvements incorporated into the constituent VME boards and discuss a PCI-based DAQ system developed to facilitate production tests.
Beam test results of the US-CMS forward pixel detector Atac, M; Bartz, E; Bolla, G ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
08/2002, Letnik:
488, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
CMS will use silicon pixel as its innermost tracking device. Prototypes of these
150
μm
square pixels bump bonded to DMILL readout chips were tested at CERN in a pion beam. A silicon telescope ...consisting of 8 planes of silicon strips was used to interpolate tracks to the position of the pixel detector. Data were taken with the beam at different angles of incidence relative to the pixel sensors. Position resolutions between 10 and
20
μm
, depending on the hit position, were observed using charge sharing for the final configuration with unirradiated detectors. The observed resolution was as expected.
We report on the calibration and performance of a large lead liquid-argon electromagnetic calorimeter used by experiment E706 at Fermilab. The reconstructed π
0 mass was used to calibrate the energy ...response of the calorimeter. The systematic uncertainty in the linearity and uniformity of the mean-energy response of the calorimeter after calibration was found to be less than ±0.5% for the sample of data analyzed. Detector characteristics, including sampling fluctuations and position resolution, are discussed.
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