Cryptosporidiosis Outbreaks — United States, 2009–2017 Gharpure, Radhika; Perez, Ariana; Miller, Allison D. ...
MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report,
06/2019, Letnik:
68, Številka:
25
Journal Article, Newsletter
Odprti dostop
Cryptosporidium is a parasite that causes cryptosporidiosis, a profuse, watery diarrhea that can last up to 3 weeks in immunocompetent patients and can lead to life-threatening malnutrition and ...wasting in immunocompromised patients.* Fecal-oral transmission can occur by ingestion of contaminated recreational water, drinking water, or food, or through contact with infected persons or animals. For the period 2009-2017, public health officials from 40 states and Puerto Rico voluntarily reported 444 cryptosporidiosis outbreaks resulting in 7,465 cases. Exposure to treated recreational water (e.g., in pools and water playgrounds) was associated with 156 (35.1%) outbreaks resulting in 4,232 (56.7%) cases. Other predominant outbreak exposures included contact with cattle (65 outbreaks; 14.6%) and contact with infected persons in child care settings (57; 12.8%). The annual number of reported cryptosporidiosis outbreaks overall increased an average of approximately 13% per year over time. Reversing this trend will require dissemination of prevention messages to discourage swimming or attending child care while ill with diarrhea and encourage hand washing after contact with animals. Prevention and control measures can be optimized by improving understanding of Cryptosporidium transmission through regular analysis of systematically collected epidemiologic and molecular characterization data.
Synthetic cathinones (SC) are drugs of abuse that have been reported in wastewaters and rivers raising concern about potential hazards to non-target organisms. In this work, 44 SC were selected for ...in silico studies, and a group of five emerging SC was prioritized for further in vivo ecotoxicity studies: buphedrone (BPD), 3,4-dimethylmethcathinone (3,4-DMMC), butylone (BTL), 3-methylmethcathinone (3-MMC), and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). In vivo short-term exposures were performed with the protozoan
(28 h growth inhibition assay) and the microcrustacean
by checking different indicators of toxicity across life stage (8 days sublethal assay at 10.00 µg L
). The in silico approaches predicted a higher toxic potential of MDPV and lower toxicity of BTL to the model organisms (green algae, protozoan, daphnia, and fish), regarding the selected SC for the in vivo experiments. The in vivo assays showed protozoan growth inhibition with MDPV > BPD > 3,4-DMMC, whereas no effects were observed for BTL and stimulation of growth was observed for 3-MMC. For daphnia, the responses were dependent on the substance and life stage. Briefly, all five SC interfered with the morphophysiological parameters of juveniles and/or adults. Changes in swimming behavior were observed for BPD and 3,4-DMMC, and reproductive parameters were affected by MDPV. Oxidative stress and changes in enzymatic activities were noted except for 3-MMC. Overall, the in silico data agreed with the in vivo protozoan experiments except for 3-MMC, whereas daphnia in vivo experiments showed that at sublethal concentrations, all selected SC interfered with different endpoints. This study shows the importance to assess SC ecotoxicity as it can distress aquatic species and interfere with food web ecology and ecosystem balance.
The water quality of the effluents is mainly focused on physicochemical and microbiological parameters. However, the ecotoxicological assessments are crucial to ensure an effective water quality of ...the effluents. This work aims to assess the ecotoxicity of effluents originated from WWTPs with different wastewater treatment technologies. For that, effluent samples from three WWTPs with different treatment processes were seasonally collected. Physicochemical parameters were determined, the toxicity towards daphnia, protozoan, and microalgae organisms was evaluated, and data correlated. Toxicity assays showed different susceptibility of the organisms to the effluents and that toxicity is dependent on the season and wastewater treatment technology. No toxicity was observed to daphnia in winter and spring, but ~100% of mortality was observed in effluent from WWTP A in summer. Growth inhibition was observed for both protozoan and microalgae for all effluents and in all seasons with highest values in spring in WWTP C (~80%) for the protozoan while the highest microalgae growth inhibition percentage was observed for WWTP B in both spring (~80%) and summer (~80%). These results show that effluents might have negative impacts into their receiving water systems and highlight that a global assessment of effluent quality should include ecotoxicological assays to complement physicochemical and microbiological data for an operative environmental management of wastewater treatment plants.
The primary objective of this paper is to study and understand which factors determine the use or the non-use of ethnic resources in the business strategies of immigrant business women in Madrid. To ...achieve this goal, we studied the relationship between the structural factors of the host society, the resources that may be available to immigrant women in the context of their ethnic communities, and other individual characteristics. In this study, it is used a qualitative approach. We conducted 27 semi-structured interviews with immigrant entrepreneurs from Latin America (Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Venezuela, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Peru), Africa (Morocco and Senegal), and Eastern Europe (Bulgaria and Romania). The main conclusions reveal that the difference regarding the use of ethnic resources lies in the following factors: social networks, legal status, having access to ethnic resources, business location, and entrepreneur women's origin.
Ketamine (K) and its main metabolite, norketamine (NK), are chiral compounds that have been found in effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and aquatic environments. Little is known about ...their enantioselective biodegradation during sewage treatment; however, this information is pivotal for risk assessment, the evaluation of WWTP performance and wastewater epidemiological studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the biodegradation pattern of the enantiomers of K by activated sludge (AS) from a WWTP. For that, an enantioselective liquid chromatography with diode array detection (LC-DAD) method was developed and validated to quantify the enantiomers of K and NK. Both K and NK enantiomers were separated, in the same chromatographic run, using a Lux® 3 µm cellulose-4 analytical column under isocratic elution mode. The method was demonstrated to be linear (r2 > 0.99) and precise (<11.3%). Accuracy ranged between 85.9 and 113.6% and recovery ranged between 50.1 and 86.9%. The limit of quantification was 1.25 µg/mL for the enantiomers of NK and 2.5 µg/mL for K. The method was applied to monitor the biodegradation assay of the enantiomers of K by AS for 14 days. K was poorly biodegraded, less than 15% for both enantiomers, and enantioselectivity in the biodegradation was not observed. The metabolite NK and other possible degradation products were not detected. This work reports, for the first time, the behavior of both enantiomers of K in biodegradation studies.
This report describes the 444 cryptosporidiosis outbreaks that occurred in the United States between 2009 and 2017 and discusses preventive measures for this infection.
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