Understanding the Small Family Business Alsos, Gry Agnete; Pettersen, Liv Toril
International Small Business Journal,
11/2003, Letnik:
21, Številka:
4
Book Review
Recenzirano
The book Understanding Small Family Business, edited by Denise Fletcher, is reviewed.
We report the anatomical variations of the limbs in eight infants with the trisomy-18 syndrome that were dissected and studied in detail. In each case, the upper limbs showed defects which further ...define the specific influence of this aneuploidy on the development of its preaxial (radial) component, and the tendency towards reduction defects. Abnormalities included muscle variations concentrated along the radial margin of the forearm and hand, the absence of the definitive musculocutaneous nerve in all of the limbs, and reductions of the radial artery in four of the bodies. Pathogenetic mechanisms explaining the observed defects are discussed, and include: 1) a defect in peripheral nerve development; or 2) tissue necrosis. The characteristic flexion deformities of the fingers seem to be due to a displacement of the tendons of extensors digitorum and digiti minimi. The lower limbs did not show a consistent pattern of defects, except for the absence of some muscles (psoas minor, the tendon of flexor digitorum brevis to digit V), and the presence of several supernumerary muscles. These variations are discussed as possible nonspecific effects of 18-trisomy on development. The additional anatomical data from this and the first paper in this series Bersu and Ramirez-Castro, 1977 provide a more detailed picture of the trisomy-18 phenotype which may be useful in corroborating an unconfirmed clinical diagnosis of the syndrome.
Astron.Astrophys.309:59-64,1996 We report results from five years of monitoring of the Einstein Cross (Q
2237+0305) with the Nordic Optical Telescope. The photometry, mainly in the R
and I bands, has ...been performed by a PSF fitting and `cleaning' procedure, in
which the four image components as well as the lens galaxy and its nucleus are
iteratively removed. The resulting lightcurves exhibit several microlensing
features; one event may have a timescale as short as 14 days. Variations of
timescales of several years are found in all four images. This becomes even
more convincing when our data are combined with data published for 1986-89. No
clear high amplification event was observed during the period. A brightening of
all four components during 1994 is interpreted as intrinsic variation.
This paper describes the anatomical variations observed in the head and neck in eight infants with the 18-trisomy syndrome that were dissected and studied in detail. Of the usual muscles of facial ...expression, occipitofrontalis and the auricular and nasal muscles were hypolastic in all eight bodies and each subject showed extensive fusion of the muscles around the corner of the mouth. In each body there was a supernumerary muscle band that extended from the region near the corner of the mouth to the occipital attachment of trapezius. The otomandibular region in each body showed a variable spectrum of muscular, skeletal, arterial, and salivary gland variations bilaterally. Three of the bodies had infrahyoid muscle variations. The sum of these observations provides a more complete delineation of the variations that occur in the 18-trisomy syndrome. Tentative pathogenetic hypotheses for several of the defects are discussed, based on observations from human descriptive embryology. Poswillo's teratological model 1973 implicating hemorrhaging as a causal mechanism in human first and second branchial arch malformations is suggested as a possible mechanism to explain the bilateral otomandibular defects.
We report results from five years of monitoring of the Einstein Cross (Q 2237+0305) with the Nordic Optical Telescope. The photometry, mainly in the R and I bands, has been performed by a PSF fitting ...and `cleaning' procedure, in which the four image components as well as the lens galaxy and its nucleus are iteratively removed. The resulting lightcurves exhibit several microlensing features; one event may have a timescale as short as 14 days. Variations of timescales of several years are found in all four images. This becomes even more convincing when our data are combined with data published for 1986-89. No clear high amplification event was observed during the period. A brightening of all four components during 1994 is interpreted as intrinsic variation.
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