This study presents the current state of heavy metal contents in both urban and forest soils within the city area of Vienna, Austria. Based on a systematic survey of urban soils and on targeted ...sampling in forest areas, local and regional anomaly thresholds are derived using statistical methods and considering regional distribution patterns. For urban soils, local anomaly thresholds of elements Cu (60 mg/kg), Hg (0.5 mg/kg), Pb (100 mg/kg) and Zn (200 mg/kg) exceed national guideline values for uncontaminated urban soils and according to Austrian legislation fall into the category “anthropogenic contamination present but no damage to plants, animals or humans detectable”. In forest soils within the city, thresholds are very similar to reference values for similar geological settings outside the city, apart from higher concentrations of elements Cr and Ni (threshold values of 107 and 64 mg/kg, respectively). Grouping urban soils according to land use reveals that Cd contents are 25 % higher, Pb contents 36 % higher, in traffic and industrial areas than in parks and like Cu, Hg and Zn, these elements can be shown to be at least partly caused by anthropogenic contamination. A dependency between heavy metal concentrations in soils and underlying geological units is shown within the flysch zone at the western city margin where the contents of elements Co, Cr, Cu, Ni and V are controlled by geology and reveal distinct differences between geological units. In built-up areas, no clear dependency between heavy metal contents in soils and geology is evident as urban soils represent accumulations by anthropogenic activity rather than in situ weathering products of underlying sediments.
Zusammenfassung
Ziel des noch laufenden Vorhabens ist die Erweiterung des bestehenden, interaktiven Rohstoffinformationssystems IRIS Online um Informationen zu natürlichen Vorkommen von Kiesen, ...Sanden, Tonen und Natursteinen in Österreich. Die angestrebte Internet-Anwendung soll einen offenen Zugang zu geologischen Informationen betreffend die natürlichen Vorkommen von Baurohstoffen ermöglichen. Zugleich wird ein zukunftsorientiertes Grundlagen-Instrumentarium im Spektrum der heimischen Rohstoffvorsorge geschaffen.
Aufbauend auf den Vorarbeiten und Ergebnissen des Österreichischen Rohstoffplanes und auf weiterführenden Baurohstoff-Projekten im Rahmen des Vollzugs des Lagerstättengesetzes wird an der Auswahl, Abgrenzung und Beschreibung von Baurohstoff-Bezirken für Locker- und Festgesteine gearbeitet. Die räumliche Darstellung auf geologischen Karten und die geologische Beschreibung der Bezirke werden in einem Geodatenportal auf der Homepage der Geologischen Bundesanstalt zugänglich sein.
Sedimentary petrologists frequently use the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) to detect preferred grain orientation in sedimentary rocks containing a natural amount of magnetic grains. An ...analogous method is used here to detect preferred pore orientation in sandstones which becomes possible if pores are rendered magnetically susceptible by filling the pore space with a magnetic suspension such as a ferrofluid. The high susceptibility of ferrofluid allows one to look at saturated pores as 'magnetic grains' and to derive pore fabric from AMS measurements of ferrofluid-impregnated rock samples. A study of artificial samples of known pore geometry shows the validity of magnetic pore fabric analysis. Cavities of spherical, ellipsoidal, cylindrical and prism-like shapes are filled with ferrofluid and the resulting AMS ellipsoid accurately reflects their geometry and orientation. For natural samples the method is verified by image analytical techniques. Pore fabric anisotropy derived from petrographic image analysis (PIA) ellipsoids correlates closely with AMS. Observed angular differences between corresponding principal axis orientations average at 25$\sp\circ$, proving the validity of magnetic pore fabric analysis. Multiple sampling of a homogeneous sandstone block demonstrates the high accuracy and reproducibility of the new method. As an application of magnetic pore fabric analysis AMS is compared to anisotropy of hydraulic permeability. The close correlation between AMS and permeability ellipsoids is explained by preferred orientation of pores which facilitates fluid flow parallel to it causing 'preferred' directions of permeability. The new method therefore offers a fast and simple way to predict permeability anisotropy in sandstones. A geologic field study shows the potential of magnetic pore fabric analysis in evaluating the effects of sedimentary structure and depositional environment on pore fabric. Unless pore spaces are strongly modified by diagenetic alteration, the average orientation of pores is clearly related to sedimentary structures such as trough-shaped cross-bedding or grain alignment due to paleocurrent action. Sedimentary rocks of different depositional environments seem to be characterized by different pore fabric anisotropies whereby fluvial sediments show higher anisotropy ratios than lagoonal and eolian environments.
This article reviews the opportunities and limitations of time-involved small-angle neutron scattering experiments, with the typical artifacts of the recorded data illustrated by virtue of the ...response of the skyrmion lattice in MnSi under periodic changes of the direction of the stabilizing field.
Kinetic small-angle neutron scattering provides access to the microscopic properties of mesoscale systems under slow, periodic perturbations. By interlocking the phases of neutron pulse, sample modulation and detector signal, time-involved small-angle neutron scattering experiments (TISANE) allow one to exploit the neutron velocity spread and record data without major sacrifice in intensity at timescales down to microseconds. This article reviews the optimization strategies of TISANE that arise from specific aspects of the process of data acquisition and data analysis starting from the basic principles of operation. Typical artifacts of data recorded in TISANE due to the choice of time binning and neutron chopper pulse width are illustrated by virtue of the response of the skyrmion lattice in MnSi under periodic changes of the direction of the stabilizing magnetic field.
Kinetic small‐angle neutron scattering provides access to the microscopic properties of mesoscale systems under slow, periodic perturbations. By interlocking the phases of neutron pulse, sample ...modulation and detector signal, time‐involved small‐angle neutron scattering experiments (TISANE) allow one to exploit the neutron velocity spread and record data without major sacrifice in intensity at timescales down to microseconds. This article reviews the optimization strategies of TISANE that arise from specific aspects of the process of data acquisition and data analysis starting from the basic principles of operation. Typical artifacts of data recorded in TISANE due to the choice of time binning and neutron chopper pulse width are illustrated by virtue of the response of the skyrmion lattice in MnSi under periodic changes of the direction of the stabilizing magnetic field.
This article reviews the opportunities and limitations of time‐involved small‐angle neutron scattering experiments, with the typical artifacts of the recorded data illustrated by virtue of the response of the skyrmion lattice in MnSi under periodic changes of the direction of the stabilizing field.
Studies in fibromyalgia syndrome with functional neuroimaging support the hypothesis of central pain augmentation. To determine whether structural changes in areas of the pain system are additional ...preconditions for the central sensitization in fibromyalgia we performed voxel based morphometry in patients with fibromyalgia and healthy controls.
We performed 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in 14 patients with fibromyalgia and 14 healthy controls. Regional differences of the segmented and normalized gray matter volumes in brain areas of the pain system between both groups were determined. In those areas in which patients structurally differed from healthy controls, the correlation of disease-related factors with gray matter volumes was analyzed.
Patients presented a decrease in gray matter volume in the prefrontal cortex, the amygdala, and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The duration of pain or functional pain disability did not correlate with gray matter volumes. A trend of inverse correlation of gray matter volume reduction in the ACC with the duration of pain medication intake has been detected.
Our results suggest that structural changes in the pain system are associated with fibromyalgia. As disease factors do not correlate with reduced gray matter volume in areas of the cingulo-frontal cortex and the amygdala in patients, one possible interpretation is that volume reductions might be a precondition for central sensitization in fibromyalgia.
Introduction
Valid epidemiological data about distal fibular fractures and their treatment strategies are missing. Innovative osteosynthesis techniques were introduced and improved during the past ...15 years. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiologic development and the implementation of new treatment strategies in a nationwide register in Germany over a period of 15 years.
Materials and methods
Data of the German Federal Statistical Office from 2005 until 2019 were screened. Adults with a fracture of the distal fibula were included. Data were separated for gender, age and treatment strategy.
Results
During the past 15 years, there was a steady annual incidence of distal fibula fractures of 74 ± 32 per 100,000 people without any significant changes (
p
= 0.436). 60.1% ± 0.6% of all fractures occurred in females. The annual incidence for male was nearly constant over the different age groups, whereas for female, there was a clear increase in incidence above the age of 40. Whereas 66% of fractures in between 20 and 30 years of age occurred in male, approximately 70% of fractures above the age of 60 occurred in females. The relative quantity of locking plates increased from 2% in 2005 to 34% in 2019. In 2019, only 1.02% of the patients were operated with an intramedullary nail.
Conclusions
Operatively treated distal fibular fractures revealed an age dependent increase in incidence in postmenopausal women compared to younger females. Regarding the treatment strategy, there was an increase in application of locking plates. The data implicate a typical fragility fracture related age and gender distribution for distal fibula fractures.
The multi-purpose three-axis spectrometer (TAS) MIRA at FRM II Georgii, Robert; Weber, Tobias; Brandl, Georg ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
11/2017, Letnik:
881, Številka:
C
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The cold-neutron three-axis spectrometer MIRA is an instrument optimized for low-energy excitations. Its excellent intrinsic $Q$-resolution makes it ideal for studying incommensurate magnetic systems ...(elastic and inelastic). MIRA is at the forefront of using advanced neutron focusing optics such as elliptic guides, which enable the investigation of small samples under extreme conditions. Another advantage of MIRA is the modular assembly allowing for instrumental adaption to the needs of the experiment within a few hours. The development of new methods such as the spin-echo technique MIEZE is another important application at MIRA. Finally, scientific topics include the investigation of complex inter-metallic alloys and spectroscopy on incommensurate magnetic structures.
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