Essential oil compositions of fresh leaves, flower stems and rhizomes obtained by hydrodistillation from different Croatian populations of Petasites albus (L.) Gaertn. and Petasites hybridus (L.) ...G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb. (four of each species) were investigated using gas chromatography‐flame ionization detection and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Altogether, 118 constituents were identified, accounting for 81.19–96.81 % of total oil composition. All essential oils were characterized by oxygenated sesquiterpenes, with distinct compounds recorded for both investigated species. Clear separation between the two species was confirmed by principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. This is the first study that recorded intraspecific variations of essential oil constituents from P. albus and P. hybridus. Obtained results could contribute to the understanding of their medicinal and nutritional value.
Species from the genus
L. have been used as healing agents for various ailments, with utilization of
L. being most frequently reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antidiabetic, ...antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anticancer potential of
and three related species,
Lapeyr.,
L. and
(Podp.) O.Schwarz, in relation to their phytochemical compositions. Globularin and verbascoside were identified using LC-PDA-ESI-MS
as the major metabolites of
with known biological activities.
demonstrated the greatest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC
= 17.25 μg/mL), while its anti-inflammatory activity was not significantly different from those of related species. All investigated species showed considerable antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant
in the broth microdilution method (MIC = 1.42-3.79 mg/mL).
also showed antibacterial activities against
(MIC = 1.42 mg/mL),
(MIC = 1.89 mg/mL),
(MIC = 2.84 mg/mL) and
(MBC = 5.68 mg/mL).
,
and
showed greater anticancer potential than
. Obtained results indicate investigated
species could serve as sources of diverse bioactive molecules, with
having the greatest antibacterial potential.
Working in tandem, two photosystems in the chloroplast thylakoid membranes produce a linear electron flow from H₂O to NADP⁺. Final electron transfer from ferredoxin to NADP⁺ is accomplished by a ...flavoenzyme ferredoxin:NADP⁺ oxidoreductase (FNR). Here we describe TROL ( thylakoid rh odanese- like protein), a nuclear-encoded component of thylakoid membranes that is required for tethering of FNR and sustaining efficient linear electron flow (LEF) in vascular plants. TROL consists of two distinct modules; a centrally positioned rhodanese-like domain and a C-terminal hydrophobic FNR binding region. Analysis of Arabidopsis mutant lines indicates that, in the absence of TROL, relative electron transport rates at high-light intensities are severely lowered accompanied with significant increase in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Thus, TROL might represent a missing thylakoid membrane docking site for a complex between FNR, ferredoxin and NADP⁺. Such association might be necessary for maintaining photosynthetic redox poise and enhancement of the NPQ.
Qualitative phytochemical analyses of eight species from the genus Galium (G. corrudifolium, G. cruciata, G. divaricatum, G. lucidum, G. mollugo, G. palustre, G. parisiense, and G. verum), followed ...by spectrophotometric evaluation of their total phenolic, flavonoid and iridoid content, as well as antiradical capacity, were conducted. G. cruciata contained the greatest amount of total phenolics (111.00 mg gallic acid equivalents g.sup.-1 dry extract), while G. verum had the greatest amount of flavonoids (23.11 mg quercetin equivalents g.sup.-1 dry extract) and iridoids (461.30 mg aucubin equivalents g.sup.-1 dry extract). The best antioxidant (antiradical) activity was shown by G. cruciata (IC.sub.50 (ABTS) = 30.30 microg mL.sup.-1; IC.sub.50 (DPPH) = 27.62 microg mL.sup.-1), followed by G. divaricatum, G. verum and G. palustre.The same species were rich in various bioactive constituents and would be appropriate for inclusion in further investigations considering their biomedical potential. Keywords: Galium, phytochemical screening, secondary metabolites, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity.
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•79 prenylated flavonoid glucosides were firstly identified in Epimedium alpinum from Croatia.•A new skeleton of prenylated flavonoid glucosides were found based on MS and ...NMR.•Different parts of Epimedium alpinum L. had been compared.
Herbra Epimedii is a common and widely used traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. Epimedium alpinum L. is one of the representative herb of Epimedium species in Europe, which is used as a diaphoretic and applied in breast illness in folk medicine. In this paper, an efficient UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS method was established for rapid discovery and identification of prenylated flavonoid glucosides in E. alpinum from Croatia. Based on the MS2 fragment pathways, rules and intensity of 12 reference compounds in negative and positive ion mode, the kinds of substituents and site of saccharides linkage of 79 prenylated flavonoid glucosides were tentatively characterized. Different substituents at C-3 and C-4 in the ring B formed four skeletons, including skeleton A with hydrogen and hydroxyl, skeleton B with hydrogen and methoxyl, skeleton C with hydroxyl and methoxyl and skeleton D with two hydroxyls, were identified in E. alpinum. Based on our knowledge, the skeleton D was first identified in herb medicine and 23 new compounds with skeleton D were characterized. According to these findings, prenylated flavonoids glucosides of 40 leaves, rhizomes, buds and tissue cultural products of E. alpinum were further systematically investigated. Chemicals in E. alpinum from Croatia were obviously different from those in E. koreanum Nakai and E. brevicomu Maxim from China via principal component analysis (PCA). This study provide an effective strategy for new compounds discovery in herbal extract, which is helpful to quality control and pharmacological evaluation of E. alpinum from Croatia.
is a genus of small evergreen and perennial shrubs that are widespread in Europe.
section
includes a group of three species,
,
, and
, that have been taxonomically disputed for more than 150 years. ...Many morphological features have been proposed to discriminate these species. Nevertheless, evidence from both past and recent literature suggest that these differences among species are not consistent. In order to shed new light in this long-disputed group, we investigated 10 populations of the
species complex with both classical and geometric morphometrics and used environmental predictors in multivariate regression to explain patterns of variation. Our results showed that bract area and calyx teeth length are correlated with solar radiation and annual precipitation, whereas leaf dry mass per unit area can be explained by temperature seasonality. Leaf shape can be explained by temperature seasonality as well, although with a lower amount of explanatory and predictive power. Despite a comparatively low sample size in terms of populations, our results were based on a large number of individuals and were supported by a robust statistical approach. We can conclude that differences among the three species of
could be related to the combined effects of several ecological variables and might not have taxonomical value. Our novel approach provided an ecological interpretation on a species complex that makes up a continuum of forms within the environmental framework of the Mediterranean basin.
Cytotoxic activity of 16 Hypericum ethanolic extracts was evaluated by MTT assay on two human cancer cell lines: glioblastoma A1235 and breast cancer MDA MB-231. Morphology and the type of induced ...cell death were determined using light and fluorescence microscopy. The majority of Hypericum extracts had no significant cytotoxic effect on MDA MB-231 cells. Eight extracts exhibited mild cytotoxic effect on A1235 cells after 24 h incubation, ranging from 8.0% (H. patulum) to 21.7% (H. oblongifolium). After 72 h of treatment, the strongest inhibition of A1235 viability was observed for extracts of H. androsaemum (26.4-43.9%), H. balearicum (25.8-36.3%), H. delphicum (14.8-27.4%) and H. densiflorum (11.2-24.1%). Micro-scopic examination of cells showed apoptosis as the dominant type of cell death. Due to observed high viability of treated cells, we propose that cytotoxic effects of Hypericum extracts could be related to alternations/interruptions in the cell cycle.
The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of Globularia cordifolia L., G. meridionalis (Podp.) O.Schwarz, and G. punctata Lapeyr. was ...characterized by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses. Among the 33 identified compounds, the most abundant present in all investigated samples were oct‐1‐en‐3‐ol (2.9–47.0%), 6‐(1,5‐dimethylhex‐4‐enyl)‐3‐methylcyclohex‐2‐enone (8.2–40.9%), and fukinanolid (7.4–31.6%). Multivariate statistical analyses (PCA and HCA) of the hitherto studied Globularia volatile compounds confirmed to some extent the assumed phylogenetic relationships of the Globularia species studied, including the close relationship between the morphologically similar species G. cordifolia and G. meridionalis, but also evidenced several discrepancies in the current classification of Globularia species.
Background and Purpose: Many species of the genus Teucrium L. are
used in folk medicine. These species contain various chemical compounds that contribute to its biological activities. No literature ...could be found in respect of the determination of total polyphenols, non-tannin polyphenols and tannins in the species T. halacsyanum Heldr., T. hyrcanicum L. and T. scorodonia L. Quantitative analysis of polyphenols and tannins was therefore performed.
Materials and Methods: Plant material was collected over two consecutive seasons in the Pharmaceutical Botanical Garden “Fran Kušan” of the Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Croatia. The content of total polyphenols, non-tannin polyphenols and tannins was determined by combination of spectrophotometric and hide powder method.
Results: The quantity of total polyphenols of investigated species ranged from 0.87 to 4.1%. The content of polyphenols unadsorbed on hide powder (non-tannin polyphenols) was between 0.83 and 3.4%, while the quantity of tannins ranged from 0.04 to 1.4%. The sample of T. scorodonia that grows along the hedge contained the highest content of total polyphenols (4.1%) and tannins (1.4%), while the highest quantity of non-tannin polyphenols was found in the sample of T. chamaedrys (3.4%) collected in 2013. The sample of T. botrys collected in 2012 contained the lowest amounts of all investigated compounds.
Conclusion: For the first time the content of total polyphenols, nontannin polyphenols and tannins in the species T. halacsyanum, T. hyrcanicum and T. scorodonia is reported. The content of all investigated compounds depended on the plant species investigated and year of collection.
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