Introduction L’obésité se caractérise par une accumulation excessive de masse grasse ainsi qu’un état inflammatoire chronique évoluant à bas bruit. Dans ce contexte, le stockage et le sensing ...nutritionnel représentent un véritable challenge métabolique au niveau systémique et cellulaire. Parmi les processus biologiques susceptibles de contribuer aux altérations méta-inflammatoires caractéristiques de l’obésité, nous étudions l’autophagie, processus lysosomal permettant la dégradation des organites cellulaires, lié au flux nutritionnel ainsi qu’à la régulation de la signalisation pro-inflammatoire. Patients et méthodes Nous avons analysé les variations du flux de dégradation autophagique dans des adipocytes isolés provenant de tissus adipeux prélevés chez des patients obèses, obèses traités par chirurgie bariatrique, ou non obèses, ainsi que dans des adipocytes en culture dans lesquels des vecteurs viraux permettent de moduler l’expression de protéines régulatrices. Résultats Nous observons une diminution de l’activité autophagique adipocy-taire des sujets obèses comparée aux sujets non obèses, et une corrélation inverse entre hypertrophie adipocytaire et activité autophagique suggérant un lien avec le stockage lipidique. Nous avons testé l’implication d’un candidat, la kinase DAPK2 (Death Associated Protein Kinase 2) exprimée préférentiellement dans les adipocytes et dont l’expression est fortement réduite dans le tissu adipeux des sujets obèses. L’inhibition de cette kinase induit une diminution de l’activité autophagique tandis qu’une surexpression augmente le processus dans des lignées adipocytaires. Nous observons également une restauration partielle et concomitante de l’activité autophagique et de l’expression génique de DAPK2 après perte de poids induite par chirurgie bariatrique chez les sujets obèses, ren-forçant le rôle de cette kinase dans la régulation de l’autophagie et l’homéostasie adipocytaire. Conclusion Nos résultats montrent un lien entre l’expression de DAPK2 et le niveau d’activité autophagique dans les adipocytes. Ils suggèrent qu’un défaut de régulation de l’activité de cette kinase pourrait contribuer à la dysfonction adipocytaire dans l’obésité. Déclaration d’intérêt Les auteurs déclarent ne pas avoir d’intérêt direct ou indirect (financier ou en nature) avec un organisme privé, industriel ou commercial en relation avec le sujet présenté.
In a recent paper (2019 Phys. Rev. A 99, 053617), the total number of fermion pairs in a spin-balanced two-component Fermi gas of 6Li atoms was experimentally probed in the normal phase above the ...superfluid critical temperature, in order to investigate the sectors of pseudogap and preformed-pair in the temperature-coupling phase diagram. Here, we present a theoretical account of these experimental results in terms of an ab initio self-consistent t-matrix calculation, which emphasizes the role of the pair-correlation function between opposite-spin fermions at equilibrium. Good agreement is found between the available experimental data and the theoretical results obtained with no adjustable parameter.
Copper and zinc are metals that have been traditionally thought of as past contamination legacies. However, their industrial use is still extensive and current applications (e.g. nanoparticles and ...antifouling paints) have become additional marine environment delivery routes. Determining a pollutant's genotoxicity is an ecotoxicological priority, but in marine benthic systems putative substances responsible for sediment genotoxicity have rarely been identified. Studies that use sediment as the delivery matrix combined with exposures over life-history relevant timescales are also missing for metals. Here we assess copper and zinc's genotoxicity by exposing the ecologically important polychaete Alitta virens to sediment spiked with environmentally relevant concentrations for 9 months. Target bioavailable sediment and subsequent porewater concentrations reflect the global contamination range for coasts, whilst tissue concentrations, although elevated, were comparable with other polychaetes. Survival generally reduced as concentrations increased, but monthly analyses show that growth was not significantly different between treatments. The differential treatment mortality may have enabled the surviving worms in the high concentration treatments to capture more food thus removing any concentration treatment effects for biomass. Using the alkaline comet assay we confirm that both metals via the sediment are genotoxic at concentrations routinely found in coastal regions and this is supported by elevated DNA damage in worms from field sites. However, combined with the growth data it also highlights the tolerance of A. virens to DNA damage. Finally, using long term (decadal) monitoring data we show stable or increasing sediment concentrations of these metals for many areas. This will potentially mean coastal sediment is a significant mutagenic hazard to the benthic community for decades to come. An urgent reappraisal of the current input sources for these ‘old pollutants’ is, therefore, required.
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•Effects of long-term (9 month) sediment exposure to copper and zinc were assessed.•Comet assay shows metals are genotoxic to the polychaete Alitta virens•Environmentally relevant sediment concentrations are genotoxic.•A. virens exhibits tolerance to elevated DNA damage.•Coastal sites show stable or increasing sediment concentrations
Chronic exposure of zinc and copper via sediment at environmentally relevant concentrations induces DNA damage in a marine polychaete.
Shape optimization in unsteady flow problems enables the consideration of dynamic effects on design. The ability to treat unsteady effects is attractive, as it can provide performance gains when ...compared to steady-state design methods for a variety of applications in which time-varying flows are of paramount importance. This is the case, for example, in turbomachinery or rotorcraft design. Given the high computational cost involved in time-accurate design problems, adjoint-based shape optimization is a promising option. However, efficient sensitivity analysis should also be accompanied by a significant decrease in computational cost for the primal flow solution, as well. Reduced-order models, like those based on the harmonic balance concept, in combination with the calculation of gradients via adjoint methods, are proposed for the efficient solution of a certain class of aerodynamics optimization problems. The harmonic balance method is applicable if the flow is characterized by discrete finite dominant flow frequencies that do not need to be integer multiples of a fundamental harmonic. A fully-turbulent harmonic balance discrete adjoint formulation based on a duality-preserving approach is proposed. The method is implemented by leveraging algorithmic differentiation and is applied to two test cases: the constrained shape optimization of both a pitching airfoil and a turbine cascade. A key advantage of the current approach is the accurate computation of gradients as compared to second order finite differences without any approximation in the linearization of the turbulent viscosity. The shape optimization results show significant improvements for the selected time-dependent objective functions, demonstrating that design problems involving almost-periodic unsteady flows can be tackled with manageable computational effort.
•Fully-turbulent discrete adjoint method based on harmonic-balance.•Shape optimization for quasi-periodic unsteady problems.•Application to the constrained shape optimization of problems characterized by a set of discrete frequencies.•Increased significantly the performance of a pitching airfoil and a turbine cascade subject to unsteady inflow conditions.
Evaluating and testing hydration status is increasingly requested by rehabilitation, sport, military and performance-related activities. Besides commonly used biochemical hydration assessment markers ...within blood and urine, which have their advantages and limitations in collection and evaluating hydration status, there are other potential markers present within saliva, sweat or tear. This literature review focuses on body fluids saliva, sweat and tear compared to blood and urine regarding practicality and hydration status influenced by fluid restriction and/or physical activity. The selected articles included healthy subjects, biochemical hydration assessment markers and a well-described (de)hydration procedure. The included studies (n=16) revealed that the setting and the method of collecting respectively accessing body fluids are particularly important aspects to choose the optimal hydration marker. To obtain a sample of saliva is one of the simplest ways to collect body fluids. During exercise and heat exposures, saliva composition might be an effective index but seems to be highly variable. The collection of sweat is a more extensive and time-consuming technique making it more difficult to evaluate dehydration and to make a statement about the hydration status at a particular time. The collection procedure of tear fluid is easy to access and causes very little discomfort to the subject. Tear osmolarity increases with dehydration in parallel to alterations in plasma osmolality and urine-specific gravity. But at the individual level, its sensitivity has to be further determined.
We report on the complete temporal characterization of ultrashort pulses, generated by resonant dispersive wave emission in gas-filled hollow-capillary fibers, with energy in the microjoule range and ...continuously tunable from the deep-ultraviolet to the ultraviolet. Temporal characterization of such ultrabroad pulses, particularly challenging in this spectral region, was performed using an all-in-vacuum setup for self-diffraction frequency resolved optical gating (SD-FROG). Sub-3-fs pulses were measured, tunable from 250 nm to 350 nm, with a minimum pulse duration of 2.4 ± 0.1 fs.
•Several studies recognized Argentine tango as effective in Idiopathic Parkinson Disease.•Argentine tango is well described in studies investigating Idiopathic Parkinson Disease.•Complete description ...of the intervention procedures is necessary to promote clinical practice.
To analyse the content of the interventions reported in studies investigating the applicability and efficacy of Argentine tango in participants with Idiopathic Parkinson Disease.
Independent reviewers searched databases (PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and PEDro) from their inception to November 2019. Eligible studies were randomised, controlled and uncontrolled clinical trials, and case reports.
The Template for Intervention Description and Replication guidelines and checklist were used to assess quality and quantity of the content of Argentine tango interventions’ description.
We found 21 papers investigating the applicability and efficacy of Argentine tango in participants with Idiopathic Parkinson Disease. Completeness of the reporting of intervention was satisfying. The intervention is intended to affect a variety of aspects of functioning relevant to individuals with Idiopathic Parkinson Disease. Detailed information on the intervention's procedure and dosing is usually provided. The delivery of the Tango dance program was predominantly extensive; however, the intervention has been provided with various approaches and showed to be very adaptable. Attrition- and adherence- rates described are acceptable. The Adapted Tango dance program is the earliest and most researched modality of tango intervention in participants with Idiopathic Parkinson Disease.
Argentine tango is appropriately described in the studies investigating the applicability and efficacy of the intervention in participants with Idiopathic Parkinson Disease. However, the reporting could be ameliorated.
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