Como homenaje a Jorge Gelman, este artículo resume los resultados de una investigación comparativa sobre la temprana formación de estado en tres países sudamericanos: Argentina, Perú y Chile. Tomando ...como eje analítico los esfuerzos de recomposición de hegemonía desplegados por tres liderazgos caudillistas (Juan Manuel de Rosas, Ramón Castilla y Diego Portales), se exploran los procesos de negociación, incorporación y exclusión de sectores populares que el artículo denomina “construcción social del estado”. Se concluye que, a partir de una tarea común de restablecimiento del orden, los tres casos estudiados aplicaron estrategias y dosis diferentes de imposición o seducción, derivando en resultados igualmente disímiles en materia de adhesiones plebeyas e inclusión social.
Solid organ transplant recipients (SOTr) with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) are expected to have poorer outcomes compared to nontransplant patients because of immunosuppression and ...comorbidities. The clinical characteristics of 47 SOTr (38 kidneys and 9 nonkidney organs) were compared to 100 consecutive hospitalized nontransplant controls. Twelve of 47 SOTr managed as outpatients were subsequently excluded from the outcome analyses to avoid potential selection bias. Chronic kidney disease (89% vs 57% P = .0007), diabetes (66% vs 33% P = .0007), and hypertension (94% vs 72% P = .006) were more common in the 35 hospitalized SOTr compared to controls. Diarrhea (54% vs 17%, P < .0001) was more frequent in SOTr. Primary composite outcome (escalation to intensive care unit, mechanical ventilation, or in‐hospital all‐cause mortality) was comparable between SOTr and controls (40% vs 48%, odds ratio OR 0.72 confidence interval CI 0.33‐1.58 P = .42), despite more comorbidities in SOTr. Acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy occurred in 20% of SOTr compared to 4% of controls (OR 6 CI 1.64‐22 P = .007). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that increasing age and clinical severity were associated with mortality. Transplant status itself was not associated with mortality.
Solid organ transplant recipients have similar mortality compared to nontransplant patients during hospitalization for COVID‐19.
Rift Valley fever (RVF), a mosquito-borne disease affecting ruminants and humans, is one of the most important viral zoonoses in Africa. The objective of the present study was to develop a geographic ...knowledge-based method to map the areas suitable for RVF amplification and RVF spread in four East African countries, namely, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Ethiopia, and to assess the predictive accuracy of the model using livestock outbreak data from Kenya and Tanzania. Risk factors and their relative importance regarding RVF amplification and spread were identified from a literature review. A numerical weight was calculated for each risk factor using an analytical hierarchy process. The corresponding geographic data were collected, standardized and combined based on a weighted linear combination to produce maps of the suitability for RVF transmission. The accuracy of the resulting maps was assessed using RVF outbreak locations in livestock reported in Kenya and Tanzania between 1998 and 2012 and the ROC curve analysis. Our results confirmed the capacity of the geographic information system-based multi-criteria evaluation method to synthesize available scientific knowledge and to accurately map (AUC = 0.786; 95% CI 0.730-0.842) the spatial heterogeneity of RVF suitability in East Africa. This approach provides users with a straightforward and easy update of the maps according to data availability or the further development of scientific knowledge.
Contexto: El problema de localización y ruteo constituye una de las principales temáticas en el área de logística e investigación de operaciones con un enfoque hacia la minimización de los costos ...totales del sistema. Sin embargo, en la gestión de la cadena de suministro, que actualmente presenta una tendencia hacia la sostenibilidad, la mayoría de las decisiones involucra la optimización simultánea de diversos objetivos, incluyendo perspectivas económicas, sociales y ambientales, de lo cual surge el problema de localización y ruteo con múltiples objetivos.
Método: Se realiza una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre el problema de localización y ruteo con múltiples objetivos, consultando las bases de datos Scopus y Web of Science. De acuerdo con unos criterios de selección específicos, se identifican 99 artículos científicos asociados a la temática durante el periodo comprendido entre 1989 y 2022, los cuales se clasifican según el tipo de aplicación.
Resultados: Se describen las características más importantes para cada una de las aplicaciones del problema de localización y ruteo con múltiples objetivos en la literatura y se realiza una revisión de las investigaciones según sus objetivos de estudio y métodos de solución, para finalmente identificar las oportunidades de investigación principales.
Conclusiones: En primer lugar, la mayoría de los estudios sobre el problema de localización y ruteo multiobjetivo han estudiado la gestión de residuos, la distribución de elementos de socorro, los productos perecederos, el problema de localización y ruteo verde, la cadena de frío y la distribución de bebidas. El objetivo de optimización de mayor implementación es la minimización de costos, combinado con otros objetivos: minimización de riesgos, impactos ambientales, minimización de tiempo, maximización de la satisfacción del cliente, balance de carga de trabajo y confiabilidad rutas. Por otra parte, se aplican métodos exactos y aproximados multiobjetivo para dar solución al problema, siendo los algoritmos evolutivos los más usados para modelos de mayor complejidad. Finalmente, las investigaciones actuales están orientadas al desarrollo de modelos bajo condiciones de incertidumbre y estocásticos, múltiples periodos, ventanas de tiempo, múltiples escalones y flota heterogénea.
Several maternal and birth characteristics have been reported to be associated with an increased risk of many childhood cancers. Our goal was to evaluate the risk of childhood embryonal solid tumors ...in relation to pre- and perinatal characteristics.
A case-cohort study was performed using two population-based datasets, which were linked through R software. Tumors were classified as central nervous system (CNS) or non-CNS-embryonal (retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma, renal tumors, germ cell tumors, hepatoblastoma and soft tissue sarcoma). Children aged <6 years were selected. Adjustments were made for potential confounders. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed by unconditional logistic regression analysis using SPSS.
Males, high maternal education level, and birth anomalies were independent risk factors. Among children diagnosed older than 24 months of age, cesarean section (CS) was a significant risk factor. Five-minute Apgar ≤8 was an independent risk factor for renal tumors. A decreasing risk with increasing birth order was observed for all tumor types except for retinoblastoma. Among children with neuroblastoma, the risk decreased with increasing birth order (OR = 0.82 (95% CI 0.67-1.01)). Children delivered by CS had a marginally significantly increased OR for all tumors except retinoblastoma. High maternal education level showed a significant increase in the odds for all tumors together, CNS tumors, and neuroblastoma.
This evidence suggests that male gender, high maternal education level, and birth anomalies are risk factors for childhood tumors irrespective of the age at diagnosis. Cesarean section, birth order, and 5-minute Apgar score were risk factors for some tumor subtypes.
To date, more than 2400 valid fish species have been recorded in the Amazon basin. However, some regions remain poorly documented. This is the case in the Beni basin and in particular in one of its ...main sub-basins, the Tuichi, an Andean foothills rivers flowing through the Madidi National Park in the Bolivian Amazonia. The knowledge of its ichthyological diversity is, however, essential for the management and protection of aquatic ecosystems, which are threatened by the development of infrastructures (dams, factories and cities), mining and deforestation. Environmental DNA (eDNA) has been relatively little used so far in the Amazon basin. We sampled eDNA from water in 34 sites in lakes and rivers in the Beni basin including 22 sites in the Tuichi sub-basin, during the dry season. To assess the biogeographical patterns of the amazonian ichthyofauna, we implemented a metabarcoding approach using two pairs of specific primers designed and developed in our laboratory to amplify two partially overlapping CO1 fragments, one of 185bp and another of 285bp. We detected 252 fish taxa (207 at species level) among which 57 are newly identified for the Beni watershed. Species compositions are significantly different between lakes and rivers but also between rivers according to their hydrographic rank and altitude. Furthermore, the diversity patterns are related to the different hydro-ecoregions through which the Tuichi flows. The eDNA approach makes it possible to identify and complete the inventory of the ichthyofauna in this still poorly documented Amazon basin. However, taxonomic identification remains constrained by the lack of reference barcodes in public databases and does not allow the assignment of all OTUs. Our results can be taken into account in conservation and management strategies and could serve as a baseline for future studies, including on other Andean tributaries.
Negative-pressure pulmonary edema (NPPE) is a rare cause of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, which usually presents postoperatively. Its pathophysiology is mostly described as a profound negative ...intrathoracic pressure caused by an airway obstruction such as laryngospasm, which may occur during extubation. But, there are other hypotheses about it, such as catecholamines release causing an elevated hydrostatic pressure in the cardiopulmonary circuit and, consequently, a major capillary leak to the interstitium. Its natural course varies, from prompt recovery to intensive care unit escalation and prolonged mechanical ventilation. Although anesthesiologists often detect this condition, this case's objective is to bring awareness of this condition to internists as a potential differential diagnosis for hypoxia in the postoperative setting.
Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare strength-endurance handgrip performance and muscle coactivation between judo athletes and untrained young males. Method: The sample was 38 judo athletes ...and 38 untrained young males, between 12 and 15 years-old. Maturational status was evaluated by age at peak height velocity. A maximal isometric handgrip test (three 5-s repetitions, with 90-s intervals) and an isometric strength-endurance handgrip test (ten 10-s all-out isometric handgrip repetitions, 20-s intervals) was conducted in dominant (D) and nondominant (ND) hands, using a dynamometer with EMG monitor to detect muscle activation. Results: ANCOVA analysis, controlling for maturational status, showed that judo athletes had higher values of maximal absolute (D = 33.6 ± 8.9 kgf vs 29.1 ± 9.0 kgf; ND = 33.8 ± 9.9 kgf vs 28.1 ± 8.1 kgf) and relative strength to body mass (D = 0.64 ± 0.12 kg/kgf vs 0.57 ± 0.13 kg/kgf; ND = 0.64 ± 0.16 kg/kgf vs 0.56 ± 0.14 kg/kgf). Moreover, judo athletes presented lower strength mean fatigue index (33.2 ± 6.9 % vs 37.9 ± 8.7 %) and muscle coactivation (48 ± 19.8 % vs 57.5 ± 22 %), only in the dominant hand, during the isometric strength-endurance handgrip test. During all repetitions of isometric endurance test there were no group or interaction between factors effects for absolute strength, relative strength and muscle coactivation. Conclusion: In summary, judo athletes present higher maximal absolute and relative strength and strength-endurance performance, concomitantly with decreased muscles co-activation (primary in dominant hand) during handgrip tests.
The study aim was to analyze the effects of successive matches on the internal match load, stress tolerance, salivary cortisol concentration and countermovement vertical jump height in twelve youth ...soccer players (16.6 ± 0.5 yr; 175 ± 8 cm; 65 ± 8 kg) who performed four official matches within a four day-period with a 24-h recovery interval between the matches. The internal match load, monotony index and competitive strain, as well as stress tolerance were examined. Saliva samples were collected and countermovement vertical jump height was assessed 60 min pre and 30 min post each match; delta of salivary cortisol and countermovement vertical jump height for each match were analyzed. Salivary cortisol was analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results of ANOVA with repeated measures showed no differences between matches for the internal match load (p > 0.05). The scores of the monotony index and competitive strain were 4.3 (±2.3) and 8104 (±6795) arbitrary units, respectively. There was no difference for stress tolerance between matches (p > 0.05). Delta values of salivary cortisol were not different among the assessed matches (F
= 1.397, p = 0.351, η
: 0.09); however, delta of countermovement vertical jump height decreased from match 1 to match 4 (F
= 8.64, p < 0.001, η
: 0.44). The current findings suggest that participating in four successive matches, with 24-h of recovery in between, may not lead to changes in stress tolerance and salivary cortisol of youth players, but it may induce a decrease in players’ jumping performance after the fourth match.
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