Abstract Background Prevalence estimation of cannabis use is usually based on self-report data. Although there is evidence on the reliability of this data source, its cross-cultural validity is still ...a major concern. External objective criteria are needed for this purpose. In this study, cannabis-related search engine query data are used as an external criterion. Methods Data on cannabis use were taken from the 2007 European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD). Provincial data came from three Italian nation-wide studies using the same methodology (2006–2008; ESPAD-Italia). Information on cannabis-related search engine query data was based on Google search volume indices (GSI). (1) Reliability analysis was conducted for GSI. (2) Latent measurement models of “true” cannabis prevalence were tested using perceived availability, web-based cannabis searches and self-reported prevalence as indicators. (3) Structure models were set up to test the influences of response tendencies and geographical position (latitude, longitude). In order to test the stability of the models, analyses were conducted on country level (Europe, US) and on provincial level in Italy. Results Cannabis-related GSI were found to be highly reliable and constant over time. The overall measurement model was highly significant in both data sets. On country level, no significant effects of response bias indicators and geographical position on perceived availability, web-based cannabis searches and self-reported prevalence were found. On provincial level, latitude had a significant positive effect on availability indicating that perceived availability of cannabis in northern Italy was higher than expected from the other indicators. Conclusion Although GSI showed weaker associations with cannabis use than perceived availability, the findings underline the external validity and usefulness of search engine query data as external criteria. The findings suggest an acceptable relative comparability of national (provincial) prevalence estimates of cannabis use that are based on a common survey methodology. Search engine query data are a too weak indicator to base prevalence estimations on this source only, but in combination with other sources (waste water analysis, sales of cigarette paper) they may provide satisfactory estimates.
Smoking mothers put their own health as well as that of their children at risk. Mother-child inpatient rehabilitation centres can be a suitable setting for reaching this target group and providing ...support for smoking cessation.
The aim of the study is to describe for the first time the smoking prevalence and motivation to change of patients in German mother-child inpatient rehabilitation centres and to investigate the actual utilisation of an offered smoking cessation programme.
In a cross-sectional field study with a consecutive sample from 22 mother-child inpatient rehabilitation centres (N=4329 mothers) smoking prevalence, stage of preparedness to change according to the transtheoretical model and consideration to seek help for cessation were assessed via a questionnaire. In addition, the number of smokers who can be reached by the offer of a quit-smoking programme was assessed by means of reports of the course instructors.
29.2% of patients in mother-child rehabilitation are smokers. Compared to the female general population, a higher proportion of the women were in an advanced stage of preparedness to change (19.4% are in preparation) and the majority of smokers are willing to seek help to quit smoking. 37.6% of smoking mothers participated in the offered smoking cessation intervention.
There is a high proportion of smokers and a high readiness to change in German mother-child rehabilitation centres. The actual participation rate in an offered smoking cessation programme is quite remarkable, but nevertheless has to be enhanced further. One possible approach is measures to enhance smoking mothers' motivation to quit.
The reaction γp→pπ0η has been studied with the CBELSA/TAPS detector at the electron stretcher accelerator ELSA in Bonn for incident photon energies from threshold up to 3.1 GeV. This paper has been ...motivated by the recently claimed observation of a narrow structure in the MNη invariant mass distribution at a mass of 1678MeV/c2. The existence of this structure cannot be confirmed in the present work. Instead, for Eγ = 1400–1500 MeV and the cut Mpπ0≤1190MeV/c2 a statistically significant structure in the Mpη invariant mass distribution near 1700 MeV/c2 is observed with a width of Γ≈35MeV/c2 while the mass resolution is σres = 5 MeV/c2. Increasing the incident photon energy from 1420 to 1540 MeV this structure shifts in mass from ≈ 1700 MeV/c2 to ≈ 1725 MeV/c2; the width increases to about 50 MeV/c2 and decreases thereafter. The cross section associated with this structure reaches a maximum of ≈ 100 nb around Eγ≈ 1490 MeV (W ≈ 1920 MeV), which coincides with the pa0 threshold. Three scenarios are discussed which might be the origin of this structure in the Mpη invariant mass distribution. The most likely interpretation is that it is due to a triangular singularity in the γp→pa0→pπ0η reaction.
The reaction
γ
p
→
p
π
0
η
has been studied with the CBELSA/TAPS detector at the electron stretcher accelerator ELSA in Bonn for incident photon energies from threshold up to 3.1 GeV. This paper has ...been motivated by the recently claimed observation of a narrow structure in the
M
N
η
invariant mass distribution at a mass of
1678
MeV
/
c
2
. The existence of this structure cannot be confirmed in the present work. Instead, for
E
γ
= 1400–1500 MeV and the cut
M
p
π
0
≤
1190
MeV
/
c
2
a statistically significant structure in the
M
p
η
invariant mass distribution near 1700
MeV
/
c
2
is observed with a width of
Γ
≈
35
MeV
/
c
2
while the mass resolution is
σ
res
= 5
MeV
/
c
2
. Increasing the incident photon energy from 1420 to 1540 MeV this structure shifts in mass from
≈
1700
MeV
/
c
2
to
≈
1725
MeV
/
c
2
; the width increases to about 50
MeV
/
c
2
and decreases thereafter. The cross section associated with this structure reaches a maximum of
≈
100 nb around
E
γ
≈
1490 MeV (W
≈
1920 MeV), which coincides with the
p
a
0
threshold. Three scenarios are discussed which might be the origin of this structure in the
M
p
η
invariant mass distribution. The most likely interpretation is that it is due to a triangular singularity in the
γ
p
→
p
a
0
→
p
π
0
η
reaction.
Abstract
A measurement of the double-polarization observable
E
for the reaction
$$\gamma p\rightarrow \pi ^0 p$$
γ
p
→
π
0
p
is reported. The data were taken with the CBELSA/TAPS experiment at the ...ELSA facility in Bonn using the Bonn frozen-spin butanol (C
$$_4$$
4
H
$$_9$$
9
OH) target, which provided longitudinally-polarized protons. Circularly-polarized photons were produced via bremsstrahlung of longitudinally-polarized electrons. The data cover the photon energy range from
$$E_\gamma =600$$
E
γ
=
600
to 2310 MeV and nearly the complete angular range. The results are compared to and have been included in recent partial wave analyses.
A measurement of the double-polarization observable E for the reaction γp→π0p is reported. The data were taken with the CBELSA/TAPS experiment at the ELSA facility in Bonn using the Bonn frozen-spin ...butanol (C4H9OH) target, which provided longitudinally-polarized protons. Circularly-polarized photons were produced via bremsstrahlung of longitudinally-polarized electrons. The data cover the photon energy range from Eγ=600 to 2310 MeV and nearly the complete angular range. The results are compared to and have been included in recent partial wave analyses.
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