Thymoquinone, a monoterpene molecule is chemically known as 2-methyl-5-isopropyl-1, 4-benzoquinone. It is abundantly present in seeds of
L. that is popularly known as black cumin or black seed and ...belongs to the family
. A large number of studies have revealed that thymoquinone is the major active constituent in
oil this constituent is responsible for the majority of the pharmacological properties. The beneficial organoprotective activities of thymoquinone in experimental animal models of different human diseases are attributed to the potent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Thymoquinone has also been shown to alter numerous molecular and signaling pathways in many inflammatory and degenerative diseases including cancer. Thymoquinone has been reported to possess potent lipophilicity and limited bioavailability and exhibits light and heat sensitivity. Altogether, these physiochemical properties encumber the successful formulation for the delivery of drug in oral dosages form and restrict the pharmaceutical development. In recent past, many efforts were undertaken to improve the bioavailability for clinical usage by manipulating the physiochemical parameters. The present review aimed to provide insights regarding the physicochemical characteristics, pharmacokinetics and the methods to promote pharmaceutical development and endorse the clinical usage of TQ in future by overcoming the associated physiochemical obstacles. It also enumerates briefly the pharmacological and molecular targets of thymoquinone as well as the pharmacological properties in various diseases and the underlying molecular mechanism. Though, a convincing number of experimental studies are available but human studies are not available with thymoquinone despite of the long history of use of black cumin in different diseases. Thus, the clinical studies including pharmacokinetic studies and regulatory toxicity studies are required to encourage the clinical development of thymoquinone.
Plants have a history of being employed in managing breast cancer. However, no scientific evidence supports the idea that these plants can effectively reduce the level of HER2 expression. In this ...study, extracts from 10 medicinal plants were evaluated for their anticancer properties against HER2-positive breast cancer cells through various methods, including the SRB assay, comet assay, annexin V-FITC dual staining, and immunoblotting. All extracts exerted antiproliferative activity against HER2-positive breast cancer cells. Furthermore,
(
),
(
), and
(
) reduced HER2 expression in tested cell lines. In addition, an increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was observed after the treatment. A comparative proteomics study showed modulation in the proteome profile of breast cancer cells after treatment with
and
. Metabolic profiling of lead plants revealed the existence of multiple anticancer compounds. Our study demonstrates the considerable potential of the mentioned plants as innovative therapies for HER2-positive breast cancer.
Benzothiazole can serve as unique and versatile scaffolds, especially in synthetic and pharmaceutical chemistry because of their potent and significant pharmacological activities. This important ...class of derivatives possess numerous pharmacological activities like antitumor, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, antidiabetic activities and so on. Many scientists have developed a wide range of methodologies for the synthesis of the 2-substituted benzothiazole nucleus and its derivatives using different types of catalysts to improve the selectivity, purity and yield of the products. Thus, the present review article focuses mainly on the different kind of reactions involved in synthesis of the 2-substituted benzothiazole nucleus and its derivatives.
Recent advances in various synthetic protocols of 2-substituted benzothiazole derivatives.
The association of smell and taste loss with COVID-19 has been well demonstrated with high prevalence rates. In certain cases, chemosensory loss may be the only symptom of COVID-19 and may linger ...while other symptoms have resolved. The significance of persistent smell and taste loss and its relationship to ongoing viral shedding has yet to be investigated. In this cross-sectional study, of the 316 laboratory test-confirmed COVID-19 cases at our institution, 46 had subsequent test-based confirmation of viral clearance with 2 consecutive negative RT-PCR test results (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction). Olfactory dysfunction was reported by 50% of the patients (23 of 46), with 78% (18 of 23) having subjective persistent smell loss despite negative RT-PCR test results. These preliminary data demonstrate the persistence of self-reported smell loss despite otherwise clinical resolution and undetectable nasal viral RNA.
Boron carbide-reinforced copper metal matrix composites have been the subject of broad research because of their good mechanical, electrical and tribological properties. In the present research, Cu–B
...4
C composites containing 5, 10 and 15 wt% of B
4
C have been fabricated by cold powder compaction followed by conventional sintering at 900 °C for 1 h under argon atmosphere. The fabricated composites are characterized by X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). From microscopic study, we have found that B
4
C particles are homogeneously distributed in the copper matrix and there is good compatibility between B
4
C and Cu. The microstructure analyzed by FESEM shows that the interface between Cu matrix and B
4
C is clean and no interfacial product is formed. The effect of B
4
C particles and their weight fraction on microstructure, mechanical properties and electrical conductivity is also studied. The Vickers hardness value increases with increasing weight percentage of boron carbide in Cu matrix. The hardness value increases from 38 VHN for pure copper to 79 VHN for Cu-15 wt% B
4
C metal matrix composite (MMC). A maximum relative density of 82% is achieved for Cu-5 wt% B
4
C MMC. The maximum compressive strength of 315 MPa is achieved for Cu-15 wt% B
4
C MMC. The electrical conductivity of pure Cu is found to be 4.5 × 10
6
S/m, and it decreases to 1.92 × 10
6
, 0.75 × 10
6
and 0.32 × 10
6
S/m for Cu-5 wt% B
4
C, Cu-10 wt% B
4
C and Cu-15 wt% B
4
C MMCs, respectively.
Imidazole and its derivatives are assigned as an exclusive and multifaceted skeleton because of having a variety of applications in medicinal and synthetic organic chemistry as well as in the field ...of industrial chemistry. For these perspectives, various elegant methods for imidazoles and its derivatives have been developing over the last years using different types of catalyst to improve selectivity, purity, and yield of the product. Thus, we have reviewed various synthetic routes for the formation of imidazoles and their applications from 2014 to 2016.
Abstract
In an intrusion detection system, the existing system uses single sensor that causes false alarms due to lack of accuracy and also leads to misuse of fuels that are stored in nuclear power ...plants/ reactors. The fuels that are used in the reactors are too expensive and high in price. The fuels use in nuclear power plants/ reactors must be protected under such circumstances that may reduce the detection and inactive secure system of false alarms under given area. In this paper multiple sensors are used to interface with Arduino to overcome false detection using KNN algorithm for the classification of nearest neighboring values that compares with the predefined and predicted values in the given database. Hence the KNN uses to forecast a new point in sample classification, a database where the data points are divided into many groups. This is the point where KNN is located in the Scikit-learning algorithm list. Therefore, the K Nearest Neighbors method stores all available cases and starting lineup cases on the basis of mutual information.
Aim of the study: PCOS is an endocrine condition that results in enlarged ovaries with tiny cysts on the margins. The present study aims to investigate the beneficial effect of polyherbal formulation ...in Letrozole induced PCOS in female Albino Wistar rats. Materials and methods: Acute toxicity study of the polyherbal formulation by administering a single dose (2000 mg/kg) was done in female Albino Wistar rats (20 weeks, 250 g) following OECD guideline 423. For PCOS induced study female Albino Wistar rats were divided into six groups (6 animals/group). Group I (control) was given 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) suspension daily as vehicle control. Letrozole (1 mg/kg) was orally administered for 21 days in Group II to VI for induction of PCOS. After induction of PCOS, animals were treated with standard drug (Group III- Clomiphene citrate- 1 mg/kg) and polyherbal tablets (Group IV - 500 mg/kg, Group V- 750 mg/kg, and Group VI - 1000 mg/kg) up to 50 days. Vaginal smears were taken daily to check the estrous cycle. Body weight was measured weekly. Blood samples were withdrawn on 0,21 and 50 days for the determination of fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, LH, FSH, and hormonal levels. Results: Administration of letrozole caused the abnormality in serum sex hormone profile, lipid profile, glucose, and the estrous cycle. The treatment with polyherbal formulation significantly decreased (P ＜ 0.0001) the level of testosterone and improved estradiol and progesterone levels (P ＜ 0.0001). There was a decrease in elevated glucose levels from 71.51 ± 0.15 mg/dl in disease induced group to 57.33 ± 1.90 mg/dl in treatment groups. The triglycerides level was normalized to 33.41 ± 1.81 mg/dl and HDL level was increased to 40.63 ± 1.35 mg/dl in treatment groups. The polyherbal formulation by exerting its beneficial effect also caused the disappearance of the cysts in the ovaries. Conclusion: The polyherbal formulation was found to be effective in PCOS. The effect may be attributed to the individual herbs reported having a significant effect on the pathophysiology of letrozole induced PCOS.
Background
Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROM’s) are increasingly used to assess surgical outcomes in low-risk surgeries such as minimally invasive primary ventral and incisional hernia repair. ...The purpose of this meta-analysis was to systematically summarize the available evidence for the effect of laparoscopic versus robotic primary ventral and incisional hernia repair on PROM’s.
Methods
A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Randomised control trials, retrospective and prospective studies were included. Medline, Embase, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Cochrane CENTRAL, and two trial registers were searched. Pooled effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using the Mantel–Haenszel method. The overall quality of evidence was assessed using GRADE.
Results
Of the 2728 titles screened, eight studies involving 41,205 participants were included. Return to activities of daily living, return to work day and recurrence rate were statistically better in the robotic group. Length of stay, readmission, postoperative pain, quality of life, body image, and patient satisfaction were similar in both groups. The GRADE rating of the quality of evidence was moderate for postoperative pain and low to very low for the quality of life, length of stay, recurrence and readmission.
Conclusion
The available data of PROM’s of laparoscopic and robotic primary ventral and incisional hernia repair is scarce and highly heterogeneous, thus making it difficult to assess the superiority of the laparoscopic technique over the robotic technique. Further studies with uniform reporting of PROM's in laparoscopic and robotic primary ventral and incisional hernia repair are needed.
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