The Federal Regulatory Directory, Eighteenth Edition continues to offer a clear path through the maze of complex federal agencies and regulations, providing to-the-point analysis of regulations. ...Information-packed profiles of more than 100 federal agencies and departments detail the history, structure, purpose, actions, and key contacts for every regulatory agency in the U.S. government. Now updated with an improved searching structure, the Federal Regulatory Directory continues to be the leading reference for understanding federal regulations, providing a richer, more targeted exploration than is possible by cobbling together electronic and print sources.
Three types of regressive evolution are reviewed: loss, reversal, and regain after loss. Loss refers to the loss of a physical entity, either a structure or an organ, whereas reversals apply to ...character states returning to plesiomorphic from apomorphic conditions. The regain of characters after their loss represents a third type of evolutionary character change. The reconstruction of multiple losses and gains of characters by mapping on phylogenies is often problematic because of a lack of information about the relative likelihood of losses and gains. A developmental genetic approach using morphological, developmental, and molecular analysis is therefore an extremely important adjunct to phylogenetic approaches in interpreting losses, reversals, and regains. The molecular developmental basis of character loss and reversal is gradually becoming better understood. Loss of organs can occur by gain-of-function mutations (suppression) and loss-of-function mutations (that often leave a vestigial structure). The regain of characters after loss may occur by regulatory capture (a gain-of-function mutation) or by loss of function in suppressor genes. Reversals may occur by cryptic innovation (the formation of a new structure that mimics the old structure by gain-of-function mutations) or by loss of gene function associated with the apomorphic state (although this may have pleitropic or neomorphic effects). The genetic landscape of reversal is illustrated by the reversal to polysymmetry from monosymmetry in flowers. The range of observed phenotypes, loss with vestige, cryptic innovation, and loss with neomorphism matches the range of changes predicted."In plants with separated sexes, the male flowers often have a rudiment of a pistil; and Kolreuter found that by crossing such male plants with an hermaphrodite species, the rudiment of the pistil in the hybrid offspring was much increased in size; and this shows that the rudiment and the perfect pistil are essentially alike in nature" (Darwin 1859).
In simple, clear language, the new edition of this classic work presents basic explanations of the procedures and rules that govern the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives. Highlighted sidebars ...further detail the impact of congressional action with interesting narrative examples from history, along with charts and tables that provide a complete overview of congressional procedures. This edition has been thoroughly updated to reflect the changes on Capitol Hill since 2008. How Congress Works helps readers place recent events in the context of the entire picture of how Congress operates. A detailed index rounds out this introduction to the real Congress.
This handy single volume features a wealth of fascinating biographical information on approximately 9,000 of the most important U.S. elected and appointed leaders. Newly updated, it includes key ...facts on political leaders spanning 220 years of American history. Organized for quick, easy reference, the book contains six chapters in which readers will find the following on presidents, vice presidents, cabinet members, Supreme Court justices, members of Congress, and governors: Basic Facts including all significant biographical data, such as birth and death dates, periods of public service, and party affiliations Special Information including boxed features and analytical commentary on topics such as presidential disability and succession; religious affiliations of the U.S. presidents and Supreme Court justices; White House hostesses; and women, African Americans, and Hispanic Americans in Congress, the Cabinet, the Supreme Court, and the White House This easy-to-use resource also offers an appendix of additional reference tables on Congress, including sessions held, leadership, and committee chairmen. American Political Leaders 1789-2010 is the perfect reference guide for researchers, students, and interested citizens looking for names, dates, and other essential information on U.S. leaders in one convenient, reliable source.
How can the EU's community of welfare states adapt their public policies to economic globalization? What happens when the economic and social aims of the EU come into conflict? This book examines the ...developing legal regimes and regulation of public services in the UK and other European countries. Public services are examined though a case-study of the complex area of public employment services. These are job-placement and vocational training services which aim to maximize employment and minimize unemployment within EU member States' Active Labour Market policies. Employment services are at the centre of a complex web of rules in both hard and soft forms of law deriving from the EU, national public law and from private, and at times contractual, agreements. They also lie at the crossroads of a series of trends in regulation, and priorities have been inspired by an array of conflicting policy rationales. These policy rationales include the establishment of an open and competitive European internal market, the establishment of an efficient welfare state, the scaling down of state administrative machinery, the fulfilment of core public service responsibilities, and the creation of public-private partnerships. Public employment services provide a highly informative and novel case study of the interaction and conflict between the economic and social aims of the EU and between regulation at national and supranational levels, and the changing forms which this regulation has taken. Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/law/9780199234489/toc.html
Plant adaptation Cronk, Quentin C. B
Plant adaptation,
2004, 2004-01-01
eBook
The Proceedings of an International Workshop sponsored by the UBC Botanical Garden and Centre for Plant Research held December 11-13, 2002 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
PDF
