Cellulose acetate is an important product derived from cellulose. Cellulose acetate can be used in a variety of applications including coatings, textile fibers, consumer goods, filtration membranes, ...composites, laminates, pharmaceutical, and medical items. Rice husk is a lignocellulosic material that contains cellulose and hemicellulose. The aims of this study were to determine the effect of process variables on the cellulose acetate product formation by ultrasound-assisted acetylation using iodine as a catalyst and to characterize the cellulose acetate product. The research was conducted through the delignification, bleaching, acetylation, and characterization processes. The results showed that the optimum yield of cellulose acetate was obtained at the temperature of 60 °C, the reaction time of 50 min, the weight of the catalyst of 10% of cellulose weight, and the ratio of cellulose and acetic anhydride of 1:5 (w/v). The acetylation process using iodine as a catalyst with an ultrasound-assisted method was more effective than the conventional acetylation (acetic acid glacial and sulfuric acid as a catalyst).
Hidrogel merupakan polimer yang mengalami ikat silang dan digunakan pada berbagai aplikasi termasuk untuk media tanam. Kemampuan utamanya yaitu dapat menyerap dan mengikat air dalam jumlah yang ...besar. Salah satu jenis hidrogel yang telah banyak dikembangkan sebagai media tanam adalah hidrogel dari poliakrilat. Namun, hidrogel dengan bahan utama poli (asam akrilat) masih memiliki beberapa kekurangan yaitu sifat mekanik dan penyerapan terhadap air yang masih rendah. Penggunaan Polivinil Alkohol (PVA) dilakukan untuk meningkatkan berbagai parameter karakteristik dari hidrogel yang dihasilkan. Pada penelitian ini berhasil dilakukan sintesis hidrogel dari poli (asam akrilat) dan PVA dengan menggunakan asam sitrat sebagai agen pengikat silang serta ammonium persulfate sebagai inisiator. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh PVA terhadap karakteristik hidrogel poli(asam akrilat)-PVA. Variasi konsentrasi PVA yang digunakan adalah 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% dan 25% (b/v). Karakteristik yang dianalisis meliputi fraksi gel, rasio swelling, sifat mekanik (tensile strength dan elongation). Struktur kimia dianalisis menggunakan Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dengan adanya penambahan PVA dari 5% sampai 25% menyebabkan nilai fraksi gel nsik dari 73% sampai 80.9%. Nilai rasio swelling dengan komposisi PVA 5% sampai 25%% berkisar dari berkisar 6212% sampai 4141%. Nilai tersebut telah memenuhi persyaratan untuk aplikasi media tanam (300-600%). Sifat mekanik hidrogel ditinjau dari nilai tensile strength. Nilai tensile strength yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini yaitu pada 15% sebesar 1.05 MPa. Nilai tersebut telah memenuhi standar kuat mekanik sebagai media tanam yaitu antara 0,55-22,34 MPa. Sedangkan hasi analisis FTIR telah menunjukkan bahwa terdapat gugus PVA dalam hidrogel.
Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) is a plant that has a high enough rhizome selling value. Increased production can be done by expanding the land. However, cultivated land in Indonesia is generally ...dominated by dry land with limited water availability. The research objective was to obtain galanga callus that were tolerant of drought in vitro using the PEG 6000 selective agent. Randomized block design (RBD) 2 factors were repeated 3 times. PEG 6000 concentrations were 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and NAA concentrations were 1mg/l, 1.5mg/l, 2mg/l. The parameters observed were callus morphology (texture and color), wet weight, dry weight, percentage of fresh callus, number of roots, proline content, and live callus percentage. The results showed compact textures that were green, white, and brown. Wet weight, dry weight, percentage of fresh callus, number of roots of PEG 6000 treatment resulted in a decreasing value while the proline content increased with the increase in PEG 6000 concentration. The NAA treatment at the concentration of 1mg/l produced the most roots, while the percentage value of fresh callus was inversely proportional to the value of the proline content. The lower the PEG 6000 and NAA concentrations resulted in more roots. The higher the PEG 6000 concentration and the lower the NAA concentration resulted in high the proline content. PEG 6000 20% still produced 61% living callus.
The objective of this study was to determine the capacity of
,
and
earthworms in vermicompost production utilizing mushroom waste substrate based on weight; number and weight loss of earthworms; ...temperature; pH; moisture content of media; and C/N ratio. The results showed that, by using 42 g of
,
and
earthworms, there was an increase in weight of earthworms and vermicompost by more than 300% and 75%, respectively. In general, these three species of earthworms were able to produce vermicompost in compliance with quality standards, showing C/N ratio lower than 20.
This study aims to determine the effect of sterile and immersion duration on the success of sterilization of kencur (Kaempferia galanga L) leaf explants using in vitro culture techniques and to find ...out the types of contaminants that emerge. The study was conducted from October 2018 to February 2019, located at the Basic Agrotechnology Laboratory and Plant Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto. The design used was a randomized block design (RBD) with 15 treatments. Each treatment was repeated 3 times. The treatments were the immersed in 6% chlorine for 10 minutes (S1), for 15 minutes (S2), for 20 minutes (S3), the immersed in 0,1 g/ml HgCl2 for 1 minute (S4), for 3 minutes (S5), for 5 minutes (S6), the immersed in HgCl2 0,2 g/ml for 1 minute (S7), for 3 minutes (S8), for 5 minutes (S9), the immersed in HgCl2 0,3 g/ml for 1 minute (S10), for 3 minutes (S11), 5 minutes (S12), immersed in dithane 2 g/l for 1 hour (S13), for 12 hours (S14), for 24 hours (S15). The results showed that the treatment of Dithane sterile 2 g/l water with an immersion duration of 1 hour (S13) significantly affected the percentage of contamination and succeeded in reducing contamination by 44.44%, while the use of chlorine sterile and HgCl2 had no significant effect. The types of contaminants that appear are Macrophomoina sp., Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp., And Pseudomonas sp.
Natural zeolites are aluminosilicate materials with tetrahedral structure. Natural zeolites have several advantages for many purposes such as adsorbent, catalyst support and ceramic membrane. This ...research explored the utilization of natural zeolite for the ceramic/polymer composite membrane. The results of the research show that membrane has the density of 1.64 gr/cm3 and porosity of 37.39% at the concentration of PVA of 7%. The performance test shows that composite membrane can be used for methylene blue separation and can be categorized as ultrafiltration. The coefficient of rejection that can be achieved is 93.53%. The membrane still has still a weakness. The flux of the membrane is very low.
This study aimed to find out the effect of jicama flour substitution, and stevia leaf substitution as the sweetener, and the interaction on proximate and sensory characteristic of baked brownies. ...The research was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of two factors. The first factor was the substitution ofjicama flour (B) with 4 levels of the jicama flour: 30%(B1), 40% (B2), 50%(B3), and 60%(B4). The second factor was the concentration of stevia leaves as the sweetener (S) with 3 levels: 1.75 grams (S1), 2.75 grams(S2), and 3.75 grams (S3). Proximate analysis parameters included moisture content, ash content, fat content, total sugar content, crude fibre content, and swelling power test. Sensory test parameters included colour, texture, aroma, taste and preference. The results indicated that the substitution treatment of jicama flour (B) had a significant effect on proximate analysis especially on the variable of total sugar content, crude fibre content, and swelling power. While the sensory properties had no significant effect on all variables. The treatment of adding stevia leaves (S) had a significant effect on the proximate analysis on ash content, total sugar content, and crude fibre content variables; and on sensory analysis, it affected the texture variable. The treatment interaction (SxB) had a significant effect on proximate analysis on several variables (ash content, total sugar content, fibre content, and swelling power), while sensory analysis had no significant effect on all variables. The best treatment was based on proximate and sensory analysis on the treatment of adding 1.75-gram stevia leaves and 60% jicama flour substitution (S1B4) with 22.67% water content, 1.44% ash content, 25.67% total sugar content, 28.85%fiber crude content, swelling power of 64.72%, colour of 4.00 (slightly dark brown), texture of 2.00 (thick), the aroma of 4.13 (slightly delicious), taste of 3.13 (slightly sweet), and preference of 3.33 (slightly like).
Penelitian ini merupakan upaya dalam perolehan kalus sebagai sumber metabolit sekunder melalui kultur kalus tanaman kencur (Kaemferia galanga) melalui modifikasi media tanam kultur kalus dengan ...berbagai konsentrasi sukrosa dan kombinasi zat pengatur tumbuh (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid dan BAP). Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Kultur Jaringan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto, waktu penelitian selama 8 bulan. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan perlakuan konsentrasi sukrosa ( 20, 30 dan 40 g/l) dan perlakuan kombinasi 2,4 D (0,5 – 2 ppm) dan BAP ( 0 - 0,2 ppm). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kombinasi perlakuan sukrosa ( 20 – 40 g/l) dan zat pengatur tumbuh 2,4 D ( 1 – 3 ppm) dan BAP (0 – 0,2 ppm) dalam medium proliferasi kalus, perlakuan sukrosa memberikan pengaruh terhadap variabel bobot segar kalus, bobot kering kalus serta morfologi kalus yang terbentuk. Perlakuan sukrosa 30 % dalam media proliferasi kalus memberikan hasil terbaik untuk variabel pengamatan bobot kalus yaitu seberat 3,8 gram, bobot kering kalus seberat 0,151 gram dengan keremahan kalus yang cukup tinggi dan warna kalus putih jernih.
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