Probiotics in poultry feed: A comprehensive review Abd El‐Hack, Mohamed E.; El‐Saadony, Mohamed T.; Shafi, Manal E. ...
Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition,
November 2020, Letnik:
104, Številka:
6
Journal Article
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The use of antibiotics to maintain animal well‐being, promote growth and improve efficiency has been practised for more than 50 years. However, as early as the 1950s, researchers identified concern ...on the development of resistant bacteria for the antibiotics streptomycin and tetracycline used in turkeys and broilers respectively. These findings laid the groundwork for agricultural officials to impose stricter regulatory parameters on the use of antibiotics in poultry feeds. Probiotics are live micro‐organisms included in the diet of animals as feed additives or supplements. Commonly known as a direct‐fed microbial, probiotics provide beneficial properties to the host, primarily through action in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of the animal. Supplementation of probiotics in the diet can improve animal health and performance, through contributions to gut health and nutrient use. For instance, supplementation of probiotics has been demonstrated to benefit farm animals in immune modulation, structural modulation and increased cytokine production, which positively affect the intestinal mucosal lining against pathogens. Bacillus subtilis has been a popular bacterium used within the industry and was shown to improve intestinal villus height. Increasing the villus height and structure of the crypts in the GIT allows for the improvement of nutrient digestion and absorption. Tight junctions maintain important defences against pathogenic bacteria and cellular homeostasis. Heat stress can be a major environmental challenge in the poultry industry. Heat stress causes the bird to fluctuate its internal core temperature beyond their comfort zone. To overcome such challenges, poultry will attempt to balance its heat production and dissipation through behavioural and physiological adaptation mechanisms.
Phenols are very soluble in water; as a result, they can pollute a massive volume of fresh water, wastewater, groundwater, oceans, and soil, negatively affecting plant germination and animal and ...human health. For the detoxification and bioremediation of phenol in wastewater, phenol biodegradation using novel bacteria isolated from sewage sludge was investigated. Twenty samples from sewage sludge (SS) were collected, and bacteria in SS contents were cultured in the mineral salt agar (MSA) containing phenol (500 mg/L). Twenty colonies (S1 up to S20) were recovered from all the tested SS samples. The characteristics of three bacterial properties, 16S rDNA sequencing, similarities, GenBank accession number, and phylogenetic analysis showed that strains S3, S10, and S18 were
and
, respectively.
,
and
were able to degrade 1000 mg/L phenol in the mineral salt medium. The bacterial strains from sewage sludge were efficient in removing 71.70 and 74.67% of phenol at 1000 mg/L within three days and could tolerate high phenol concentrations (2000 mg/L). The findings showed that
,
and
could potentially treat phenolic water. All soybean and faba bean seeds were germinated after being treated with 250, 500, 750, and 1000 mg/L phenol in a mineral salt medium inoculated with these strains. The highest maximum phenol removal and detoxification rates were
and
These strains may help decompose and detoxify phenol from industrial wastewater with high phenol levels and bioremediating phenol-contaminated soils.
Diseases negatively impact the environment, causing many health risks and the spread of pollution and hazards. A novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ...has led to a recent respiratory syndrome epidemic in humans. In December 2019, the sudden emergence of this new coronavirus and the subsequent severe disease it causes created a serious global health threat and hazards. This is in contrast to the two aforementioned coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 (in 2002) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS-CoV (in 2012), which were much more easily contained. The World Health Organization (WHO) dubbed this contagious respiratory disease an “epidemic outbreak” in March 2020. More than 80 companies and research institutions worldwide are working together, in cooperation with many governmental agencies, to develop an effective vaccine. To date, six authorized vaccines have been registered. Up till now, no approved drugs and drug scientists are racing from development to clinical trials to find new drugs for COVID-19. Wild animals, such as snakes, bats, and pangolins are the main sources of coronaviruses, as determined by the sequence homology between MERS-CoV and viruses in these animals. Human infection is caused by inhalation of respiratory droplets. To date, the only available treatment protocol for COVID-19 is based on the prevalent clinical signs. This review aims to summarize the current information regarding the origin, evolution, genomic organization, epidemiology, and molecular and cellular characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 as well as the diagnostic and treatment approaches for COVID-19 and its impact on global health, environment, and economy.
A total of 120 growing rabbits (7-weeks old) reared under high ambient temperature were divided into four equal groups, 30 rabbits each. The first group was received a basal diet without Phycocyanin ...(PC) (0 g/kg diet) and served as a control (PC0). The other three groups were received diets containing PC (50 (PC50), 100 (PC100), 150 (PC150) mg/kg diet, respectively). Live body weight (LBW) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were enhanced significantly by 11.83% (p = .028) and 18.23% (p = .002) in PC50 group, and; respectively, compared with the PC0 group. Red blood cells, platelet, and haemoglobin values were significantly increased, while white blood cells were reduced (p = .033) in rabbits received diets containing PC (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg) compared to the PC0 group. Plasma urea, total bilirubin, and the gamma gamma-glutamyl transferase in the group PC100 were significantly higher than those in the PC group. Compared with the PC150 and control groups, treatment with 50 or 100 mg/kg decreased plasma interleukin-4 (p < .0001) and interferon γ (p < .0001) levels, but increased the levels of nitric oxide (p < .0001). Activities of antioxidants indices were improved (p < .0001) in the group treated with PC (50 and 100 mg/kg). However, lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) was decreased (p = .001) in PC50 compared with the other groups. The caecal bacterial populations were lowered in the groups treated with (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg) compared with those in the PC0 group. Conclusively, dietary inclusion of PC (100 mg/kg) could be effectively used to enhance the performance, antioxidants indices, decrease inflammatory responses and intestinal pathogens and hence enhance the health status of growing rabbits during the summer season.
HIGHLIGHTS
Phycocyanin (PC) is one of the most bioactive compounds of spirulina platensis.
PC improved rabbit's growth, immune, and antioxidants under heat stress.
Nano-minerals are used to enhance mineral bioavailability, which helps improve animal growth and health. The use of chemical nano-selenium (Che-SeNPs) has lately attracted great scientific interest, ...mainly due to its potential benefits for poultry. The current study was conducted to investigate the impact of the dietary supplementation of Che-SeNPs on the growth performance, carcass traits, blood constituents, antioxidant status, immunity, and gut microbiota of Japanese quails. A total of one week-old 180 Japanese quails were randomly distributed into four equal groups, and each group consisted of 45 unsexed birds with five replications (nine birds each). The first group was fed a basal diet without supplementation (0 g/kg Che-SeNPs), and the second, third, and fourth groups were fed diets containing 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 g/kg Che-SeNPs, respectively. The results showed that the dietary supplementation of Che-SeNPs significantly (p < 0.0001) increased body weight, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio, but decreased feed intake (p < 0.0001) compared to the control group. The highest values of growth performance were recorded in the group fed 0.4 g Che-SeNPs g/kg feed. Che-SeNPs levels did not affect the carcass traits, relative organs (except liver), or blood hematology (except platelet count and hemoglobin level) of quails. Plasma total protein, albumin, aspartate amino transferase (AST), and urea values were not affected by dietary Che-SeNPs, but alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase values declined. Globulin and creatinine values were linearly increased with the inclusion of Che-SeNPs (0.4 and 0.6 g/kg) in quail diets compared to the control. The supplementation of Che-SeNPs in quail diets significantly improved (p < 0.05) the plasma lipid profile and activities of antioxidant enzymes compared to the control group. Immunoglobulin G values of Che-SeNPs (0.4 and 0.6 g/kg) were higher (p < 0.05) than those in the control group. The groups fed diets supplemented with Che-SeNPs showed lower (p < 0.0001) total bacterial count, total yeast and molds count, Coliform, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., and Salmonella spp. colonization, and higher (p = 0.0003 and 0.0048) lactic acid bacteria counts than those in the control group. In conclusion, Che-SeNPs supplemented up to 0.4 g/kg can improve the performance, lipid profile, antioxidant indices, and immunity, as well as decrease intestinal pathogens in quails during the fattening period (1–5 weeks of age).
The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of lettuce seed oil (LSO) on the performance, carcass yield, kidney and liver indices, immunity, lipid profile, and cecal microbiota of ...fattening chicks. A total of 200, 7-day-old Cobb-500 were distributed into 5 experimental groups; each group contained 5 replicates with 8 birds each. The first group 1) the basal diet (only); 2) the basal diet plus lettuce seed oil (0.50 mL/kg); 3) the basal diet plus lettuce seed oil (1.00 mL/kg); 4) the basal diet plus lettuce seed oil (1.50 mL/kg); and 5) the basal diet plus lettuce seed oil (2.00 mL/kg). No significant effect was observed on growth performance, carcass traits, or kidney function at any level of oil. But, liver function was significantly affected due to LSO levels. Serum lipid profiles (total cholesterol—TC, triglyceride—TG, low-density lipoprotein—LDL, and very low-density lipoprotein—VLDL) were significantly reduced by using LSO levels compared to the control group. Dietary LSO significantly increased immunological and antioxidant parameters, except for malondialdehyde-MDA, which was reduced. On the other hand, the cecal microbiota was significantly improved by LSO additives. It was concluded that the dietary supplementation of LSO had beneficial effects on liver and kidney functions, lipid profile, immunity, antioxidant parameters, and the bacteriology of fattening chicks.
The hazard of diseases created by S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium is relatively high in turkey meat products. Combinations of preservation methods are utilized in many strategies, such as mild heat ...with decreased water activity, a changed atmosphere, refrigerated storage, and decreased heat treatment with some acidification. Within the domain of ready-to-eat food technology, a range of preservation methods are typically utilized to enhance shelf life, such as applying mild heat in tandem with reduced water activity, employing modified atmosphere packaging, utilizing refrigerated storage, and utilizing reduced heat treatment combined with acidification. This investigation aimed to determine how S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium grew when sliced ready-to-eat smoked turkey (RTE-SM) was stored at 0, 5, 10, and 15°C for various periods. The study also examined the effects of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) (40% CO2 and 60% N2) and VP on these growth patterns. Total viable count (TVC), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), pH, and redox potential levels were determined. The control experiment on RTE-SM showed no Salmonella growth within 30 d of storage at any temperature. This indicated that the RTE-SM in use did not initially contain S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis. Results indicated that the storage of RTE-SM using a combination of VP, MAP, and MAPEO with storage at 0 and 5°C did not allow for the pathogen to grow throughout storage. In comparison, at 10 and 15°C after one day, which allowed for minor growth (0.17–0.5 log CFU/g)? In contrast, at 0 and 5°C, Salmonella survives until the end of storage (173 d). However, the combination of MAPEO with the same storage temperatures achieved the elimination of the pathogen in the meat after 80 d. The combination of both packaging systems with high temperatures (10 or 15°C) allowed for the multiplication and growth of the bacterium through the product's shelf life of more than 1 log CFU/g. Thus, a combination of MAP or MAPEO with low storage temperatures (0 or 5°C) inhibited the growth of the pathogen.
This study aimed to isolate, purify, and identify some bacteria from different sources known to be contaminated with pesticides and evaluate their ability to degrade two important pesticides, ...chlorantraniliprole (CAP), and flubendiamide (FBD). In our study, six isolates showed maximum growth in the presence of CAP and FBD in the growth media as a sole carbon source. The isolates were purified and then identified by biochemical and morphological tests, MALD-TOF-MS, and 16S rRNA techniques, as Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis AZFS3, Bacillus pumilus AZFS5, Bacillus mojavensis AZFS15, Bacillus paramycoides AZFS18, Pseudomonas aeruginosa KZFS4, and Alcaligenes aquatilis KZFS11. The degradation ability of studied bacterial strains against pesticides was estimated under different conditions (temperatures, pH, salt, and incubation time). The results reveal that the optimal conditions for all bacterial strains’ growth were 30–35 °C, pH 7.0, 0.0–0.5% NaCl, and an incubation period of 11 days at 150 rpm in the presence of diamide insecticides at 50 mg/L. The capacity of six bacterial strains of CO2 production and degradation ability against various diamide pesticides and other pesticide groups (Profenofos, Cypermethrin, Carbofuran, and Malathion) were evaluated. The results show that the Pseudomonas aeruginosa KZFS4 (LC599404.1) strain produced the highest CO2 content, about 1.226 mg CO2/16 day, with efficacy in the biodegradation of FBD-CAP (78.6%), while the absorbance of bacterial growth (OD 600) on various pesticides ranged from 1.542 to 1.701. Additionally, Consortium-(No. 3)-mix-6-strains gave 1.553 mg CO2/16 days with efficacy (99.6%) and turbidity of 2.122 to 2.365 (OD 600) on various pesticides. In conclusion, the six bacterial strains could play an important role in the biodegradation process of pollutants in soils.
This experiment investigated the role of graded dietary levels of two probiotic strains (Bacillus toyonensis; BT and Bifidobacterium bifidum; BB) on the growth rate, carcass traits, physiological and ...histological aspects of growing Japanese quail. One thousand and three hundred sixty one-day-old un-sexed Japanese quail chicks were distributed randomly into ten groups. The 1st group served as a control and fed the basal diet without supplement while the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th groups received the control diet supplemented with 0.05, 0.075, 0.10 and 0.125% BT, respectively. The 6th group fed the control diet plus 0.10% BB while the remaining groups (7th to 10th) received the basal diet incorporated with the previous levels of BT rich with 0.05% BB. Dietary supplementation of BT and/or BB increased body weight and gain; however, feed intake and feed conversion were not affected. Amylase activity was significantly elevated in 5th, 7th and 9th groups, while lipase activity was improved in all treatment groups except 3rd and 6th groups. Results obtained concluded that dietary supplementation of BT with or without BB is useful for performance, digestive enzyme activities, blood cholesterols, antioxidant status and ileal histomorphometry and microbiota of growing Japanese quail.
N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG) mutagen was successfully used to induce hyper producing neomycin mutants. The neomycin-resistant mutants of Streptomyces albogriseolus, which harvested after ...treatment with NTG mutagen (100microg/ml) and growing with stress of neomycin (1.75 mg/ml), can produce neomycin with higher efficiency than the wild type strain. The T-40-22 mutant strain was the highest in neomycin production which gave 25 mm inhibition zone by using B. subtilis as the tester organism with 166.67 % relation to the wild type strain after tested of 85 mutants were examined after NTG-mutagenesis. When the above result on inhibition zone was compared with the standard data of neomycin concentrations in relation to inhibition area, the mutant T-40-22 which gave a 25 mm inhibition zone was produced 4.0 mg /mL of neomycin compared with 1.5 mg/mL neomycin of type wild strains and therefore the amount of neomycin production was reached to 2.66 folds of the mother strain production. In addition, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was applied to examine DNA fingerprint by three random primers on a number of excellent strains for neomycin production to link the genetic background of the tested mutants with the data obtained from the neomycin estimation compared to the wild type strain. Several different DNA fingerprints have been detected after random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis by PCR. Finally, phylogenetic analysis was used to divide the studied mutants into clusters which could reflect the genetic diversity of the new superior neomycin mutants. Keywords: Streptomyces albogriseolus, neomycin, NTG-mutagenesis, RAPD-PCR assay, phylogenetic analysis.
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