Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjami vaikų, sergančių reumatoidiniu artritu ir reumatu, psichosocialiniai ypatumai. Buvo naudoti trys projekciniai testai: „Medis – Namas – Žmogus“ (H-T-P), „Kinetinis šeimos ...piešinys“ ir Rorschach testas. Buvo ištirta 60 vaikų. Kontrolinę grupę sudarė 30 praktiškai sveikų vaikų. Tyrimas parodė, kad vaikams, sergantiems reumatoidiniu artritu, būdingas mažas socialumas, emocijų skurdumas, labai aukštas nerimo lygis. Reumatu sergantys vaikai pasižymėjo aukštu nesaugumu, priešiškumu ir antagonizmu šeimoje. Abi grupes charakterizavo bendravimo sunkumai ir subjektyviai prasta padėtis šeimoje.
Straipsnyje aprašoma JAV psichikos sveikatos centrų organizavimas. Pristatoma trumpa psichikos sveikatos centrų klasifikacija ir aptariami kai kurie metodologiniai jų organizavimo principai. Kai ...kurie elgesio valdymo būdai aprašyti. Detaliai aprašomas prieraišumo teorijos taikymas Forest Height Lodge centre. Tokia JAV patirties apžvalga gali padėti organizuojant psichikos sveikatos centrų veiklą Lietuvoje.
Tyrime nagrinėjamos agresyvaus elgesio sąsajos su vidinėmis aš ir objektų reprezentacijomis. Siekiama nustatyti, ar skiriasi vaikų, turinčių elgesio sunkumų, vidinės reprezentacijos nuo vaikų, kurie ...tokiais sunkumais nepasižymi, ir apibūdinti jas, norint geriau suprasti formuojančias vidines struktūras, susijusias su netinkamu, agresyviu vaikų elgesiu. Buvo tiriami 7–10 metų berniukai, turintys elgesio sunkumų, ir lyginami su tokio paties amžiaus berniukais, nepasižyminčiais elgesio ar emocijų sunkumais. Iš viso tirta 30 berniukų: 20 iš klinikinės imties ir 10 – kontrolinės. Eksternalūs sunkumai matuoti Vaikų elgesio klausimynu (CBCL 6/18). Reprezentacijoms tirti naudotos projekcinės metodikos: Vaikų apercepcijos testas (CAT) ir Šeimos kinetinis piešinys. Projekcinė medžiaga analizuota ir vertinta pagal Socialinio supratimo ir objektų ryšių skalę (Westen et al., 2002) ir Visuminio vertinimo skales (Fury et al., 1997). Tyrimo duomenimis, berniukų, turinčių elgesio sunkumų, vidinės aš ir objektų reprezentacijos skiriasi nuo berniukų, nepasižyminčių elgesio sunkumais. Klinikinės imties vaikų reprezentacijos mažiau diferencijuotos, negatyvaus emocinio tono, menkesnis šių vaikų įsitraukimas į santykius, prastesnis vertybių ir moralinių standartų išsivystymas ir socialinio priežastingumo supratimas. Elgesio sunkumų turintys berniukai objektus (kitus) mato kaip abejingus, atstumiančius, nepastovius, pažeidžiamus, nepatikimus, negalinčius suteikti pagalbos. Vidinis aš reprezentuojamas kaip pažeidžiamas, atstumtas, nepriklausantis šeimai. Tyrime taikytos projekcinės metodikos ir gautos medžiagos vertinimai leidžia numatyti, kurie vaikai turi elgesio sunkumų, o kurie ne. Elgesio sunkumų turinčių vaikų vidinės reprezentacijos pasižymi tam tikrais specifiniais bruožais. Per naują patyrimą ilgalaikėje psichoterapijoje gali formuotis adaptyvesnės vidinės struktūros. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: berniukų elgesio sunkumai, aš ir kito vidinės reprezentacijos, projekcinės metodikos. Mental Self and Object Representations of 7–10-Year-Old Boys with Behavior Difficulties Bieliauskaitė R., Kuraitė E. Summary This study looked into the links between the external difficulties and the internal “self” and objects representations. The aim of the study was to compare the internal representations of the children with the behavioral difficulties to children with no behavioral difficulties in order to gain a better understanding of the inner structures which could be linked to inappropriate and aggressive behavior. Boys with behavioral difficulties aged 7–10-year-old were recruited and compared with the boys of the same age with no behavioral difficulties. 20 boys from the clinical sample and 10 boys from the control group – 30 boys in total – were assessed. The measure used to assess external difficulties was Child Behavior Checklist. Projective tools such as Children Apperception Test and Kinetic Family Drawing were applied to assess the representations. The results of the projective methods were analyzed with the “Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale“ (SCORS) and “The Global Rating Scale”. According to SCORS four dimensions of internal representations were assessed: complexity of representations of people, affective quality of representations, emotional investment in relationships, values and moral standards and understanding social causality. The study results show that inner “self” and object representations of the boys with behavioral difficulties are different from the ones of the boys without behavioral difficulties. Representations of the clinical sample are less differentiated, have a negative emotional tone. These boys also show a lower capacity for emotional investment in relationships and moral standards, an impaired understanding of social causality. Boys with the behavioral difficulties see others as indifferent, rejecting, vulnerable, unreliable, inconsistent and not being able to help. Their inner “self” is represented as vulnerable and rejected, unattached to his family. The projective method used in the study and analysis of the data allows us to predict behavioral difficulties. Mental representations of children with behavioral difficulties have specific characteristics. The different experiences in long term psychotherapy could transform those characteristics into more adaptable ones. Key words: boys with behavior difficulties, mental self and object representations, projective tools.
This study looked into the links between the external difficulties and the internal “self” and objects representations. The aim of the study was to compare the internal representations of the ...children with the behavioral difficulties to children with no behavioral difficulties in order to gain a better understanding of the inner structures which could be linked to inappropriate and aggressive behavior. Boys with behavioral difficulties aged 7–10-year-old were recruited and compared with the boys of the same age with no behavioral difficulties. 20 boys from the clinical sample and 10 boys from the control group – 30 boys in total – were assessed. The measure used to assess external difficulties was Child Behavior Checklist. Projective tools such as Children Apperception Test and Kinetic Family Drawing were applied to assess the representations. The results of the projective methods were analyzed with the “Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale“ (SCORS) and “The Global Rating Scale”. According to SCORS four dimensions of internal representations were assessed: complexity of representations of people, affective quality of representations, emotional investment in relationships, values and moral standards and understanding social causality. The study results show that inner “self” and object representations of the boys with behavioral difficulties are different from the ones of the boys without behavioral difficulties. Representations of the clinical sample are less differentiated, have a negative emotional tone. These boys also show a lower capacity for emotional investment in relationships and moral standards, an impaired understanding of social causality. Boys with the behavioral difficulties see others as indifferent, rejecting, vulnerable, unreliable, inconsistent and not being able to help. Their inner “self” is represented as vulnerable and rejected, unattached to his family. The projective method used in the study and analysis of the data allows us to predict behavioral difficulties. Mental representations of children with behavioral difficulties have specific characteristics. The different experiences in long term psychotherapy could transform those characteristics into more adaptable ones.
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