Buckwheat (BW) is suggested to have beneficial effects, but evidence on how it affects cardiometabolic health (CMH) is not yet established. We aimed to assess the effects of BW and/or its related ...bioactive compounds on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk markers in adults. Five databases were searched for eligible studies. Observational prospective studies, nonrandomized or randomized trials were considered if they assessed BW, rutin or quercetin-3-glucoside intake and CVD risk markers. We adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for reporting. We selected 16 human studies based on 831 subjects with mild metabolic disturbances, such as hypercholesterolemia, diabetes and/or overweight. Eight studies, investigating primarily grain components, were included in the meta-analyses (
= 464). High study heterogeneity was present across most of our analyses. Weighted mean difference (WMD) for subjects receiving BW supplementation, compared to controls, were - 0.14 mmol/L (95% CI: -0.30; 0.02) for total cholesterol (TC), -0.03 mmol/L (95% CI: -0.22; 0.16) for LDL cholesterol, -0.14 kg (95% CI: -1.50; 1.22) for body weight, -0.04 mmol/L (95% CI: - 0.09;0.02) for HDL cholesterol, -0.02 mmol/L (95% CI: -0.15; 0.11) for triglycerides and -0.18 mmol/L (95% CI: -0.36; 0.003) for glucose. Most of the studies (66.7%) had concerns of risk of bias. Studies investigating other CVD markers were scarce and with inconsistent findings, where available. Evidence on how BW affects CMH is limited. However, the available literature indicates that BW supplementation in mild dyslipidaemia and type 2 diabetes may provide some benefit in lowering TC and glucose, albeit non-significant. Our work highlights the need for more rigorous trials, with better methodological rigor to clarify remaining uncertainties on potential effects of BW on CMH and its utility in clinical nutrition practice.
Keywords: Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins Diabetes Mellitus Sesame Oil Canola Oil Sesame-Canola Oil Polymorphism Abstract Introduction: Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is a key ...regulating enzyme in the lipid metabolism pathway, and its gene polymorphism may be a candidate for modulating the metabolic responses to dietary intervention. A large body of evidence has suggested that a reduction of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and its substitution with unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) might help to improve insulin sensitivity and circulating lipid levels, as well as cardiovascular risk.1-4 Some of plant-based oils that contain considerable amounts of mono- (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are being investigated as suitable alternatives for dietary oils rich in saturated and trans-fatty acids.5 Healthy vegetable oils such as canola and sesame oils with high contents of MUFAs (e.g. oleic acid), PUFAs (e.g. alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid), and antioxidants (e.g. tocopherol, lignans, and phytosterols) have been reported to be beneficial in improving cardiovascular risk factors, although some other studies were controversial.6-10 These inconsistent observations have been proposed to be related to the combined effects of genetic and environmental factors (e.g. dietary intake) that justified different individual responses to dietary interventions in general.11 Genetic variations including single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes that encode proteins involved in lipid and glycemic metabolism, may play a major role in changes in metabolic profile.12 The human cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene is localized on chromosome 16 in the region of q21 (16q21) and contained 16 exons and 15 introns.13 This gene encodes a protein containing 476 amino acids as one of the key enzymes in lipid metabolism that plays an important role in reverse-cholesterol transport resulting in decreasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and increasing the cholesterol content of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol. ...it transfers cholesterol ester from HDL to apo B-containing lipoproteins such as LDL, VLDL and VLDL remnants in exchange for triglyceride and subsequent uptake of cholesterol by hepatocytes.14 TaqIB is a common polymorphism in the CETP gene, which is located in nucleotide 277 of intron 1 and characterized by a silent base change from G called as B1 allele (presence of the TaqI endonuclease restriction site) (frequent allele) to A called as B2 allele (absence of the TaqI endonuclease restriction site) (less common allele).15 Meta-analyses have associated the TaqIB polymorphism with HDL-C and coronary diseases, such that individuals carrying the B2 allele are reported to have higher HDL-C levels and lower risk of coronary diseases than B1B1 homozygotes.16,17 The presence ofthe B2 allele has also been associated with moderate inhibition of CETP activity.17 Furthermore, another research provided evidence regarding the effect of this polymorphism on parameters of insulin resistance.18 In previous studies that evaluated the combined effects of the TaqIB polymorphism and dietary intakes, a lack of consistency was observed. A number of researchers suggested a potential interaction between this polymorphism and type and amount of dietary fat on serum lipid and lipoprotein levels.19-23 However, the findings of other studies did not support that the TaqIB polymorphism can affect metabolic responses to dietary intakes.24-27 Although there are several studies regarding the combined effects of CETP polymorphisms and different dietary interventions, we found no study that assessed the potential combined effects of CETP genotypes and plant oils on the determination of cardiometabolic profile. ...we decided to discover whether the effects of sesame, canola, and sesame-canola oils on blood lipids and glycemic control markers are conditioned by the CETP TaqIB polymorphism in patients with type 2 diabetes and healthy people.
Consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) has increased worldwide during the last decades because they are hyperpalatable, cheap, and ready-to-consume products. However, uncertainty exists about ...their impact on health. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the association of UPF consumption with all-cause mortality risk. Five bibliographic databases were searched for relevant studies. Random effects models were used to calculate pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Of 6,951 unique citations, 40 unique prospective cohort studies comprising 5,750,133 individuals were included; publication dates ranged from 1984 to 2021. Compared with low consumption, highest consumption of UPF (RR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.17, 1.42), sugar-sweetened beverages (RR = 1.11, 95% CI, 1.04, 1.18), artificially sweetened beverages (RR = 1.14, 95% CI, 1.05, 1.22), and processed meat/red meat (RR = 1.15, 95% CI, 1.10, 1.21) were significantly associated with increased risk of mortality. However, breakfast cereals were associated with a lower mortality risk (RR = 0.85, 95% CI, 0.79, 0.92). This meta-analysis suggests that high consumption of UPF, sugar-sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, processed meat, and processed red meat might increase all-cause mortality, while breakfast cereals might decrease it. Future studies are needed to address lack of standardized methods in UPF categorization.
Abstract
Context
The results of human clinical trials investigating the effects of flaxseed on glucose control and insulin sensitivity are inconsistent.
Objective
The present study aimed to ...systematically review and analyze randomized controlled trials assessing the effects of flaxseed consumption on glycemic control.
Data Sources
PubMed, Medline via Ovid, SCOPUS, EMBASE, and ISI Web of Sciences databases were searched up to November 2016.
Study Selection
Clinical trials in which flaxseed or its products were administered as an intervention were included.
Data Extraction
The outcomes were fasting blood glucose, insulin concentration, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), insulin sensitivity (QUIKI), and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c).
Results
A total of 25 randomized clinical trials (30 treatment arms) were included. Meta-analysis suggested a significant association between flaxseed supplementation and a reduction in blood glucose (weighted mean difference WMD, −2.94 mg/dL; 95%CI, −5.31 to − 0.56; P = 0.015), insulin levels (WMD, −7.32 pmol/L; 95%CI, −11.66 to −2.97; P = 0.001), and HOMA-IR index (WMD, −0.49; 95%CI,: −0.78 to − 0.20; P = 0.001) and an increase in QUIKI index (WMD, 0.019; 95%CI, 0.008–0.031; P = 0.001). No significant effect on HbA1c (WMD, −0.045%; 95%CI, −0.16 to − 0.07; P = 0.468) was found. In subgroup analysis, a significant reduction in blood glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR and a significant increase in QUIKI were found only in studies using whole flaxseed but not flaxseed oil and lignan extract. Furthermore, a significant reduction was observed in insulin levels and insulin sensitivity indexes only in the subset of trials lasting ≥12 weeks.
Conclusions
Whole flaxseed, but not flaxseed oil and lignan extract, has significant effects on improving glycemic control. Further studies are needed to determine the benefits of flaxseed on glycemic parameters.
The protocol for this systematic review was registered in the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO) database (http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO; registration no: CRD42016043500).
Canola oil (CO) is a plant-based oil with the potential to improve several cardiometabolic risk factors. We systematically reviewed controlled clinical trials investigating the effects of CO on lipid ...profiles, apo-lipoproteins, glycemic indices, inflammation, and blood pressure compared to other edible oils in adults.
Online databases were searched for articles up to January 2020. Forty-two articles met the inclusion criteria. CO significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC, −0.27 mmol/l, n = 37), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, −0.23 mmol/l, n = 35), LDL-C to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (LDL/HDL, −0.21, n = 10), TC/HDL (−0.13, n = 15), apolipoprotein B (Apo B, −0.03 g/l, n = 14), and Apo B/Apo A-1 (−0.02, n = 6) compared to other edible oils (P < 0.05). Compared to olive oil, CO decreased TC (−0.23 mmol/l, n = 9), LDL-C (−0.17 mmol/l, n = 9), LDL/HDL (−0.39, n = 2), and triglycerides in VLDL (VLDL-TG, −0.10 mmol/l, n = 2) (P < 0.05). Compared to sunflower oil, CO improved LDL-C (−0.14 mmol/l, n = 11), and LDL/HDL (−0.30, n = 3) (P < 0.05). In comparison with saturated fats, CO improved TC (−0.59 mmol/l, n = 11), TG (−0.08 mmol/l, n = 11), LDL-C (−0.49 mmol/l, n = 10), TC/HDL (−0.29, n = 5), and Apo B (−0.09 g/l, n = 4) (P < 0.05). Based on the nonlinear dose–response curve, replacing CO with ~15% of total caloric intake provided the greatest benefits.
CO significantly improved different cardiometabolic risk factors compared to other edible oils. Further well-designed clinical trials are warranted to confirm the dose–response associations.
•Canola oil (CO) potentially improves cardiovascular risk factors.•No dose–response relationship between CO and cardiometabolic markers has been systematically evaluated, yet.•Forty-two controlled clinical trials were included in the systematic review.•CO improved several cardiometabolic markers compared with saturated fat, sunflower, and olive oil.•The greatest benefits occurred when ~15% of the total energy intake was consumed as CO.
Aims
To compare the effects of replacing regular dietary oils intake with sesame (SO), canola (CO), and sesame–canola (SCO) oils (a novel blend), on cardiometabolic markers in adults with type 2 ...diabetes mellitus (T2DM), in a triple-blind, three-way, randomized, crossover clinical trial.
Methods
Participants were assigned to receive SO, CO, and SCO in three 9-week phases (4 weeks apart). Cardiometabolic makers (serum lipids, Apolipoprotein, cardiovascular risk scores, kidney markers, and blood pressure) were considered at the beginning and the end of intervention phases.
Results
Ninety-two, ninety-five, and ninety-five participants completed the SO, SCO, and CO periods, respectively. After CO consumption, serum Apo A-1 concentrations were significantly higher compared with the SCO period in the whole population (
p
< 0.05). A considerable reduction in visceral adiposity index values was seen in the CO compared with the SO period in males (
p
< 0.05). Serum high-density lipoprotein concentration was also significantly higher after the SO intake compared with SCO in females (
p
< 0.05). The between-period analysis showed a substantial reduction in diastolic blood pressure in the SCO period compared with the CO and SO periods and lower systolic blood pressure after SCO versus CO intake in males (
p
< 0.05).
Conclusions
Canola oil might protect CVD through improving Apo A-1 levels in patients with T2DM (particularly in females) and visceral adiposity index in male patients. However, the blend oil might beneficially affect blood pressure in men. Future sex-specific studies might warrant the current findings.
Registry of clinical trials
This trial was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT, registration ID: IRCT2016091312571N6).
Low-calorie sweeteners (LCSs) and LCS-containing beverages have been proposed as appropriate substitutes for caloric sugars in recent years. In this Perspective, we highlight the recent findings from ...observational and interventional studies, focusing on obesity, gut microbiome, and cardiometabolic health. We provide public health actors and health care professionals with an insightful overview of recent evidence to bridge the gap between research and practice.
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