•Ultrasonication is an easy, simple and green technique for the fabrication of CuO/CuO2/Cu nanoparticles.•Photo-degradation of methylene blue and safranin O in continuous flow rotating packed bed ...reactor.•Cu-NPs as co-cocatalyst incorporation to Cu2O/CuO heterojunction for greatly accelerate electron transfer.•Sonochemical preparation of H and O radicals for Cu2+ reduction.
CuO/CuO2/Cu nanoparticles were prepared by sonochemical combined thermal synthesis method and used as new photocatalyst for simultaneous photocatalytic degradation of safranin O (SO) and methylene blue (MB) dyes in rotating packed bed reactor equipped to blue light emitting diode (LED). The physicochemical properties of the synthesized CuO/Cu2O/Cu nanoparticles were investigated by XRD, SEM and DRS analysis. The band-gap of the prepared CuO/Cu2O/Cu-NPs was estimated to be about 1.42eV which is appropriate for photodegradation process under blue light irradiation. In rotating packed bed reactors, two key parameters are very important, one high centrifugal field and other porous media, which intensify mass transfer operation leads to photodegradation improvement. The maximum photodegradation efficiency was obtained at pH of 6 and subsequently the effects of CuO/Cu2O/Cu-NPs dosage, rotational speed, initial dyes concentration, flow rate and reaction time were studied by central composite design (CCD) and optimized values were found to be 0.3g/L, 900rpm, 10mg/L of both dyes, 0.3L/min and 90min, respectively. Finally, results showed that synergistic effects induced by forming Cu2O/CuO heterojunction containing Cu-NPs co-cocatalyst greatly accelerate electron transfer and effectively retard the reduction of CuO by photo-generated electrons.
Abstract
Antibiotics are resistant compounds with low biological degradation that generally cannot be removed by conventional wastewater treatment processes. The use of yolk-shell nanostructures in ...spinning disc photocatalytic reactor (SDPR) enhances the removal efficiency due to their high surface-to-volume ratio and increased interaction between catalyst particles and reactants. The purpose of this study is to investigate the SDPR equipped to Fe
3
O
4
@void@CuO/ZnO yolk-shell thin film nanostructure (FCZ YS) in the presence of visible light illumination in the photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin (AMX) from aqueous solutions. Stober, co-precipitation, and self-transformation methods were used for the synthesis of FCZ YS thin film nanostructure and the physical and chemical characteristics of the catalyst were analyzed by XRD, VSM,, EDX, FESEM, TEM, AFM, BET, contact angle (CA), and DRS. Then, the effect of different parameters including pH (3–11), initial concentration of AMX (10–50 mg/L), flow rate (10–25 mL/s) and rotational speed (100–400 rpm) at different times in the photocatalytic degradation of AMX were studied. The obtained results indicated that the highest degradation efficiency of 97.6% and constant reaction rate of AMX were obtained under LED visible light illumination and optimal conditions of pH = 5, initial AMX concentration of 30 mg/L, solution flow rate of 15 mL/s, rotational speed of 300 rpm and illumination time of 80 min. The durability and reusability of the nanostructure were tested, that after 5 runs had a suitable degradation rate. Considering the appropriate efficiency of amoxicillin degradation by FCZ YS nanostructure, the use of Fe
3
O
4
@void@CuO/ZnO thin film in SDPR is suggested in water and wastewater treatment processes.
Conventional wastewater treatment processes are often unable to remove antibiotics with resistant compounds and low biological degradation. The need for advanced and sustainable technologies to ...remove antibiotics from water sources seems essential. In this regard, the effectiveness of a spinning disc photocatalytic reactor (SDPR) equipped with a visible light-activated Fe
O
@SiO
-NH
@CuO/ZnO core-shell (FSNCZ CS) thin film photocatalyst was investigated for the decomposition of amoxicillin (AMX), a representative antibiotic. Various characterization techniques, such as TEM, FESEM, EDX, AFM, XRD, and UV-Vis-DRS, were employed to study the surface morphology, optoelectronic properties, and nanostructure of the FSNCZ CS. Key operating parameters such as irradiation time, pH, initial AMX concentration, rotational speed, and solution flow rate were fine-tuned for optimization. The results indicated that the highest AMX decomposition (98.7%) was attained under optimal conditions of 60 min of irradiation time, a rotational speed of 350 rpm, a solution flow rate of 0.9 L/min, pH of 5, and an initial AMX concentration of 20 mg/L. Moreover, during the 60 min irradiation time, more than 69.95% of chemical oxygen demand and 61.2% of total organic carbon were removed. After the photocatalytic decomposition of AMX, there is a substantial increase in the average oxidation state and carbon oxidation state in SDPR from 1.33 to 1.94 and 3.2, respectively. Active species tests confirmed that ·OH and ·O
played a dominant role in AMX decomposition. The developed SDPR, which incorporates a reusable and robust FSNCZ CS photocatalyst, demonstrates promising potential for the decomposition of organic compounds.
.sup.Abstract Instrumented pendulum test is an objective and repeatable biomechanical method of assessment for spasticity. However, multitude of sensor technologies and plenty of suggested outcome ...measures, confuse those interested in implementing this method in practice. Lack of a standard agreement on the definition of experimental setup and outcome measures adds to this ambiguity and causes the results of one study not to be directly attainable by a group that uses a different setup. In this systematic review of studies, we aim to reduce the confusion by providing pros and cons of the available choices, and also by standardizing the definitions. A literature search was conducted for the period of 1950 to the end of 2019 on PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar and IEEE explore; with keywords of "pendulum test" and "Spasticity". Twenty-eight studies with instrumented pendulum test for assessment of spasticity met the inclusion criteria. All the suggested methods of implementation were compared and advantages and disadvantages were provided for each sensor technology. An exhaustive list categorized outcome measures in three groups of angle-based, angular velocity-based, and angular acceleration-based measures with all different names and definitions. With the aim of providing standardized methodology with replicable and comparable results, sources of dissimilarity and ambiguity among research strategies were found and explained with the help of graphical representation of pendulum movement stages and corresponding parameters on the angular waveforms. We hope using the provided tables simplify the choices when implementing pendulum test for spasticity evaluation, improve the consistency when reporting the results, and disambiguate inconsistency in the literature.
An accurate and efficient artificial neural network based on genetic algorithm (GA) is developed for predicting of nanofluids viscosity. The genetic algorithm (GA) is used to optimize the neural ...network parameters. The experimental viscosity in eight nanofluids in the range 238.15–343.15 K with the nanoparticle volume fraction up to 9.4% was used. The obtained results show that the GA-NN model has a good agreement with the experimental data with absolute deviation 2.48% and high correlation coefficient (R ≥ 0.98). The Results also reveals that GA-NN model outperforms to the conventional neural nets in predicting the viscosity of nanofluids with the overall percentage improvement of 39%. Furthermore, the results have also been compared with Einstein, Batchelor and Masoumi et al. models. The findings demonstrate that this model is an efficient method and have better accuracy.
To determine the effectiveness of nutrition education intervention based on Pender's Health Promotion Model in improving the frequency and nutrient intake of breakfast consumption among female ...Iranian students.
The quasi-experimental study based on Pender's Health Promotion Model was conducted during April-June 2011. Information (data) was collected by self-administered questionnaire. In addition, a 3 d breakfast record was analysed. P < 0·05 was considered significant.
Two middle schools in average-income areas of Qom, Iran.
One hundred female middle-school students.
There was a significant reduction in immediate competing demands and preferences, perceived barriers and negative activity-related affect constructs in the experimental group after education compared with the control group. In addition, perceived benefit, perceived self-efficacy, positive activity-related affect, interpersonal influences, situational influences, commitment to a plan of action, frequency and intakes of macronutrients and most micronutrients of breakfast consumption were also significantly higher in the experimental group compared with the control group after the nutrition education intervention.
Constructs of Pender's Health Promotion Model provide a suitable source for designing strategies and content of a nutrition education intervention for improving the frequency and nutrient intake of breakfast consumption among female students.
In recent years, the use of a horizontal spinning disc reactor (SDR) as a photocatalytic reactor for the degradation of various pollutants in aqueous solutions has increased. This study was searched ...based on the PRISMA method. Two autonomous researchers carried out for the relevant studies using Scopus, Web of Science (WOS), and Science Direct databases. The search terms expanded focusing on the performance of horizontal spinning disc photocatalytic reactor (SDPR). In this review article, the main objective of the effect of operational factors on the efficiency of the degradation of pollutants with changes in the type of light source (range of visible light and UV radiation), disc rotational speed, flow rate, initial concentration of pollutants, pH, type of disc structure and flow regime are considered. Current challenges in SDPR include issues such as limited mass transfer, uneven light distribution, and difficulties in scaling up. To overcome these challenges, improvements can be made by optimizing reactor design for better mass transfer, enhancing light distribution through advanced light sources or reactor configurations, and developing scalable models that maintain efficiency at larger scales. Additionally, the use of innovative materials and coatings could improve the overall performance of SDPR.
•Degradation of abamectin was carried out using a continuous flow-loop reactor.•Cu2(OH)PO4-HKUST-1 MOF was synthesized successfully as a photocatalyst.•Synergistic index was used in order to ...evaluation of the process intensification.•The response surface methodology was applied to the optimization of process.
Degradation of abamectin pesticide was carried out using visible light driven Cu2(OH)PO4-HKUST-1 MOF photocatalyst through the sonophotocatalytic technique. Cu2(OH)PO4-HKUST-1 MOF as a visible-light driven photocatalyst, was synthesized and characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS and DRS. The direct bang gaps of HKUST-1 MOF and Cu2(OH)PO4-HKUST-1 MOF were estimated about 2.63 and 2.59eV, respectively, which reveals that these photocatalysts can be activated under blue light illumination. All sonophotodegradation experiments were performed using a continuous flow-loop reactor. The central composite design (CCD) methodology was applied for modeling, optimization and investigation of influence of operational parameters, i.e. irradiation time, pH, solution flow rate, oxygen flow rate, initial concentration and photocatalyst dosage on the sonophotocatalytic degradation of abamectin.
The maximum degradation efficiency of 99.93% was found at optimal values as 20min, 4, 90mL/min, 0.2mL/min, 30mg/L and 0.4g/L, for irradiation time, pH, solution flow rate, oxygen flow rate, initial concentration and photocatalyst dosage, respectively. Evaluation of the synergism in the combination of ultrasonic and photocatalysis lead to a synergistic index of 2.19, which reveals that coupling of ultrasonic and photocatalysis has a greater efficiency than the sum of individual procedures for degradation of abamectin.
This article investigates the effect of magnetic field on the viscosity of Fe sub(3) O sub(4)-water magnetic nanofluid experimentally. Experiments were done in the volume fraction range 0 to 1 vol% ...and the temperature ranges from 25 to 45 degreesC. The results showed that the viscosity increased with increasing of nanoparticle volume fractions and decreased with temperature enhancement with or without of magnetic field. Also, it is observed that the viscosity of the magnetic nanofluid increases with enhancement of magnetic field strength. Thus, magnetic field is a basic factor that influences the viscosity of the magnetic nanofluids and magnetic nanofluid flow can be controlled by applying a magnetic field.
Abstract Objective To develop an instrument for measuring Health Promotion Model constructs in terms of breakfast consumption, and to identify the constructs that were predictors of breakfast ...consumption among Iranian female students. Design A questionnaire on Health Promotion Model variables was developed and potential predictors of breakfast consumption were assessed using this tool. Participants One hundred female students, mean age 13 years (SD ± 1.2 years). Settings Two middle schools from moderate-income areas in Qom, Iran. Variables Measured Health Promotion Model variables were assessed using a 58-item questionnaire. Breakfast consumption was also measured. Analysis Internal consistency (Cronbach alpha), content validity index, content validity ratio, multiple linear regression using stepwise method, and Pearson correlation. Results Content validity index and content validity ratio scores of the developed scale items were 0.89 and 0.93, respectively. Internal consistencies (range, .74–.91) of subscales were acceptable. Prior related behaviors, perceived barriers, self-efficacy, and competing demand and preferences were 4 constructs that could predict 63% variance of breakfast frequency per week among subjects. Conclusions and Implications The instrument developed in this study may be a useful tool for researchers to explore factors affecting breakfast consumption among students. Students with a high level of self-efficacy, more prior related behavior, fewer perceived barriers, and fewer competing demands were most likely to regularly consume breakfast.
PDF
