Regulation of Risk Basu Bal, Abhinayan; Rajput, Trisha; Argüello, Gabriela ...
2022, 2023
eBook, Book
Odprti dostop
Regulation of Risk provides comprehensive insight into regulation of risk in transport, trade and environment. Contributions provide national, regional and international perspectives on pressing ...questions: How is risk conceived in light of novel technological deployment, climate change, political upheaval, evolving geopolitics, and the COVID-19 pandemic? What legal tools such as contractual frameworks and governance structures are available to manage the changing landscape of risk? This book highlights the importance of dialogue and collaborative decision-making on risk between policymakers, institutions, societal stakeholders and the scientific community.
The existing WTO regime is mainly conceived through various agreements incorporating essential mandatory rules for the purposes of regulation of trade between its members. However, trade does ...sometimes raise issues which fall outside the WTO in the domain of other specialist regimes such as human rights and the environment, which also operate in the arena of public international law. More importantly, these instances leading to interaction of the WTO with other specialist regimes could result in conflict leading to fragmentation. It is of utmost importance, to recognise that such interaction poses challenges for the WTO in addressing such conflict through co-ordination with other regimes while upholding its unique purpose and function. Several commentators argue that the WIO's boundaries remain impermeable by disregarding other specialist regimes, such as human rights and the environment, operating in the arena of public international law. This thesis offers a different perspective by highlighting numerous instances in the form of decisions, practices and mechanisms within the WIO which bears evidence of its consideration of other specialist regimes. The thesis argues that co-ordination with other regimes in the form of waivers and subsequent interpretation reflects the process of accommodation of issues or interests advanced by other non-WTO regimes. This thesis focuses on co-ordinating initiatives both with regard to the source and manner in which they came into existence and also with regard to their effects. Furthermore, these instances of coordination also reveal how some provisions in the WTO Agreements have been used with intended and unintended consequences to address conflict, so permitting evolution of the WIO system. It is submitted here that the discussed instances of coordination indicate the possibilities which the WTO Agreements present to address and manage future conflict with other regimes. The purpose of this thesis is to inform the community of specialists and policy makers in the area of trade, human rights, health and environment about the possible ways in which adjustments can be made within WTO to address conflict.
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) cascade is a fundamental pathway in organisms for signal transduction. Though it is well characterized in various plants, there is no systematic study of this ...cascade in tea.
In this study, 5 genes of Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Kinase (MKK) and 16 genes of Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MPK) in Camellia sinensis were found through a genome-wide search taking Arabidopsis thaliana as the reference genome. Also, phylogenetic relationships along with structural analysis which includes gene structure, location as well as protein conserved motifs and domains, were systematically examined and further, predictions were validated by the results. The plant species taken for comparative study clearly displayed segmental duplication, which was a significant candidate for MAPK cascade expansion. Also, functional interaction was carried out in C. sinensis based on the orthologous genes in Arabidopsis. The expression profiles linked to various stress treatments revealed wide involvement of MAPK and MAPKK genes from Tea in response to various abiotic factors. In addition, the expression of these genes was analysed in various tissues.
This study provides the targets for further comprehensive identification, functional study, and also contributed for a better understanding of the MAPK cascade regulatory network in C. sinensis.
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