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•Distinct differences in the ATR-FTIR spectra of anhydrous milk fat and Vanaspati ghee (hydrogenated vegetable oil) were observed.•PCA in the ranges of 1120–1080 cm−1 and 985–955 cm−1 ...showed distinct clusters of all samples.•SIMCA approach showed 100% classification efficiency for control and adulterated samples.•ATR-FTIR coupled with chemometrics could detect even 1% of vegetable ghee in milk fat.
Anhydrous milk fat, a household staple in domestic India, faces the threat of adulteration due to its high cost. Vanaspati ghee (hydrogenated vegetable oil) is one such adulterant that has been reported in ghee. The presence of vanaspati ghee (hydrogenated vegetable oil) in anhydrous milk fat was investigated using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy in combination with chemometric techniques. Spectral data were collected for pure ghee, vanaspati ghee, and ghee samples spiked with vanaspati ghee at different levels (1 %, 3 %, 5 %, 7 %, 9 %, 12 %, and 15 %), encompassing the wavenumber range of 4000–500 cm−1. PCA analysis revealed distinct clustering patterns in specific wavenumber regions (1120–1080 cm−1 and 985–955 cm−1) at a significance level of 5 %, effectively distinguishing pure ghee from adulterated samples. SIMCA showed 100 % classification efficiency for pure and vanaspati ghee samples. Additionally, the developed PLS and PCR models exhibited high R2 values (∼1), indicating robust predictive accuracy for detecting vanaspati ghee adulteration in ghee at different concentrations. Thus, ATR-FTIR and chemometrics successfully enabled the detection of vanaspati ghee in milk fat, with a sensitivity as high as 1 %.
Phospholipids have gained increased interest in the past decades because of their numerous health benefits. Due to the amphiphilic nature of phospholipids, their quantitative analysis requires ...lengthy procedures. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) with UV detector was used in the present study to effectively separate the major classes of phospholipids found in milk. Phospholipids were effectively separated on a diol-HILIC column using a gradient elution method using acetonitrile and 10 mM ammonium acetate (pH 5 adjusted using acetic acid). Good chromatographic separation of major phospholipid classes: phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and sphingomyelin (SM) was possible at 203 nm. The developed method was validated for both phospholipid standards and milk fat. The correlation coefficient for phospholipids using a linear regression equation for 1–50 μg/mL standard solutions and milk fat were >0.99 and >0.98, respectively. The relative standard deviation for intra-day and inter-day repeatability of phospholipids were less than 6 %, and recoveries fell within the 75-120% range. The developed method was applied for the quantification of phospholipids (PC, PE, and SM) in milk from indigenous and crossbred cattle. Gir, Sahiwal, and Karan Fries cows had no significant difference in PE and PC, while Gir cows exhibited significantly higher levels of SM.
•A novel HILIC-HPLC method quantify major phospholipids in 15 min at 203 nm.•The method's robustness is evaluated by deliberately changing analytical conditions.•Developed HILIC-HPLC method was validated as per AOAC guidelines.•No significant difference in PC and PE among Gir, Sahiwal, and Karan Fries cows.•Gir cows have significantly higher SM levels (p < 0.05).
Nowadays, it is essential to identify the benefits of sustainable living with nutritional food for the world's expanding population. This systematic review explores the unique composition of bovine ...colostrum, the initial milk produced by mammals post-parturition, compared to mature milk. We delve into extensive studies to examine its potential applications in human nutrition and health. Meticulous characterisation of its constituent fractions reveals a diverse array of potentially bioactive molecules, demonstrating their influence on neonatal development and their relevance in this era. Bovine colostrum can be a suitable alternative to mature milk as it is a rich source of numerous components such as bioactive proteins, fats, oligosaccharides, minerals and vitamins. Advance technologies were also used to preserve and commercialise it. So, a comprehensive discussion of its potential benefits for human health and exploring various preservation techniques for bovine colostrum presents a thorough overview of its multifaceted applications in promoting health and well-being.
Sustainable living and nutritional food are paramount in the current era of expanding population. This systematic review explores bovine colostrum-first milk produced by mammals' post-parturition that shows a unique composition and multifaceted health benefits than mature milk.
Flunixin (usually formulated as flunixin meglumine (FLN)), a common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) given to cattle, raises human health concerns when it is present in milk. Maximum ...residue limit (MRL) of 10 µg/kg has been set by Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) for FLN residues in milk. Attenuated Total Reflectance- Fourier-Transform Mid-Infrared (FT-MIR) spectroscopy in conjunction with multivariate techniques was applied to detect the presence of FLN residues in milk. Samples of FLN, pure milk as well as milk samples spiked with FLN at concentrations (1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 µg/kg) below and above the MRL were analysed. ATR-FTIR measurements were conducted in the 4000 –400 cm
− 1
wavenumber range, and the wavenumber regions (2942 − 2838, 1748 − 1734 and 1149 –1012 cm
− 1
) were selected based on the maximum variability in the intensity of peaks and chemometrics techniques such as Principal Component Regression (PCR), Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) were applied. The study concluded that the presence of parent drug- FLN residues in milk even at 1 µg/kg level (below MRL prescribed by regulatory bodies) can be detected using ATR-FT-MIR coupled with chemometrics.
Graphical abstract
Agroforestry integrates woody perennials with arable crops, livestock, or fodder in the same piece of land, promoting the more efficient utilization of resources as compared to monocropping via the ...structural and functional diversification of components. This integration of trees provides various soil-related ecological services such as fertility enhancements and improvements in soil physical, biological, and chemical properties, along with food, wood, and fodder. By providing a particular habitat, refugia for epigenic organisms, microclimate heterogeneity, buffering action, soil moisture, and humidity, agroforestry can enhance biodiversity more than monocropping. Various studies confirmed the internal restoration potential of agroforestry. Agroforestry reduces runoff, intercepts rainfall, and binds soil particles together, helping in erosion control. This trade-off between various non-cash ecological services and crop production is not a serious constraint in the integration of trees on the farmland and also provides other important co-benefits for practitioners. Tree-based systems increase livelihoods, yields, and resilience in agriculture, thereby ensuring nutrition and food security. Agroforestry can be a cost-effective and climate-smart farming practice, which will help to cope with the climate-related extremities of dryland areas cultivated by smallholders through diversifying food, improving and protecting soil, and reducing wind erosion. This review highlighted the role of agroforestry in soil improvements, microclimate amelioration, and improvements in productivity through agroforestry, particularly in semi-arid and degraded areas under careful consideration of management practices.
Analysis of Kepler mission data suggests that the Milky Way includes billions of Earth-sized planets in the habitable zone of their host stars. Current technology enables the detection of ...technosignatures emitted from a large fraction of the Galaxy. We describe a search for technosignatures that is sensitive to Arecibo-class transmitters located within ∼420 ly of Earth and transmitters that are 1000 times more effective than Arecibo within ∼13000 ly of Earth. Our observations focused on 14 planetary systems in the Kepler field and used the L-band receiver (1.15-1.73 GHz) of the 100 m diameter Green Bank Telescope. Each source was observed for a total integration time of 5 minutes. We obtained power spectra at a frequency resolution of 3 Hz and examined narrowband signals with Doppler drift rates between 9 Hz s−1. We flagged any detection with a signal-to-noise ratio in excess of 10 as a candidate signal and identified approximately 850,000 candidates. Most (99%) of these candidate signals were automatically classified as human-generated radio-frequency interference (RFI). A large fraction (>99%) of the remaining candidate signals were also flagged as anthropogenic RFI because they have frequencies that overlap those used by global navigation satellite systems, satellite downlinks, or other interferers detected in heavily polluted regions of the spectrum. All 19 remaining candidate signals were scrutinized and none were attributable to an extraterrestrial source.
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