Paediatric Cogan Syndrome is a rare and underrecognised autoimmune vasculitis characterised by ocular inflammation and sensorineural hearing loss. Its etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and management are ...not well defined. We report a 12-year-old girl who initially presented with symptoms of IgA vasculitis formerly called Henoch Schoenlein Purpura (HSP) and eventually developed anterior uveitis and bilateral sensorineural hearing loss leading to the diagnosis of atypical Cogan Syndrome. The workup for infectious etiologies and other systemic rheumatologic disorders was negative. The management was multidisciplinary involving Rheumatology, Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Audiology. The anterior uveitis responded well to systemic glucocorticoids and Methotrexate, but the hearing loss was grossly progressive warranting a cochlear implant. We are not aware of Paediatric Cogan Syndrome being reported as a mimicker of IgA vasculitis previously in the literature. It is an important finding as IgA vasculitis is prevalent in the paediatric age group and new-onset ocular or vestibular symptoms after IgA vasculitis should alert the clinician to the possibility of Cogan Syndrome. In the absence of well-defined diagnostic criteria, it is crucial to recognise the clinical symptoms of Paediatric Cogan Syndrome for early diagnosis and treatment since the delay in diagnosis can lead to permanent disability.
SATB2
-associated syndrome (SAS) is an autosomal dominant neurogenetic multisystemic disorder. We describe two individuals with global developmental delay and hypotonia who underwent an extensive ...evaluation to rule out an underlying mitochondrial disorder before their eventual diagnosis of SAS. Although the strict application of the clinical mitochondrial disease score only led to the designation of “possible” mitochondrial disorder for these two individuals, other documented abnormalities included nonspecific neuroimaging findings on magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy, decreased complex I activity on muscle biopsy for patient 2, and variation in the size and relative proportion of types of muscle fibers in the muscle biopsies that were aligned with mitochondrial diseases. SAS should be in the differential diagnoses of mitochondrial disorders, and broad-spectrum diagnostic tests such as exome sequencing need to be considered early in the evaluation process of undiagnosed neurodevelopmental disorders.
In this paper, a surface plasmon resonance-based photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor has been simulated. It has a hexagonal core surrounded by a rectangular cladding of different size air ...holes. To enhance the sensing performance of the proposed sensor, an adhesive layer of TiO
2
has been deposited between the interface of the plasmonic metal layer of gold (Au) and dielectric material fused silica. With the most promising method to detect sensitivity which is the wavelength (
λ
) interrogation method with amplitude sensitivity method, we have found a wavelength sensitivity of 40,000 nm/RIU, an average wavelength of sensitivity of 14,285 nm/RIU, and an amplitude sensitivity of 328 RIU
−1
for the range of refractive index 1.32–1.39. The resolution of our proposed sensor is 10
−6
RIU. Fabrication of this sensor can easily be done with numerous available technologies such as the stack and draw method, sol–gel method, and others. This proposed external mechanism-based PCF sensor will lead us to a new era of future for sensing in the dairy industry field for detecting milk of animals, a biomedical field such as blood testing, cancer cell detection, the biochemical field such as detecting antigens, and antibodies, protein, enzymes, and alcohol sensing based on their refractive index RI.
In this article, a simulation of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based Al-doped ZnO (AZO) coated long-range low refractive index detections in infrared range sensor by the finite element method is ...presented. Plasmonic material Al-doped ZnO is used for SPR conditions in the desired range. The effects of AZO layer thickness on resonance wavelength, confinement loss, and sensitivity of the proposed sensor are examined for different analyte refractive indices. We have optimized coated AZO layer thickness of 90 nm and width of 124.70 µm in our work. The proposed infrared sensor has achieved refractive index sensitivity 2000–16,000 nm/RIU, and the resolution
5.00
×
10
-
5
-
6.25
×
10
-
6
RIU
for the analyte’s refractive index range from 1.23 to 1.37. The proposed sensor may be utilized for detecting low refractive index organic chemicals, biomedical, and liquid foods and may also be used in other sensing applications.
In this paper, we present a detailed study on surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based D-shaped single-mode optical fiber sensor for the range of refractive index (RI) 1.33–1.42 sensing using the finite ...element method (FEM). Gold (Au), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu) metal layers have used separately to investigate the performance of proposed sensor employed with SPR conditions. Average and maximum sensitivity of the sensor increases with the thicknesses of the metal layer. We observe the higher sensitivity for the Au layer in comparison to Ag and Cu layers. Sensor with Au layer with 50 nm thickness shows the average sensitivity of 5855 nm/RIU with maximum sensitivity of 15,200 nm/RIU and resolution 1.780 × 10
−5
RIU. The figure of merit (FOM) has also investigated for such sensor. The sensing performance of the sensor sequentially decreases with Ag and Cu layers. The proposed optical fiber sensors with high sensing performance can be utilized as RI sensors for different chemical and biological sensing.
In this paper, both sides flat photonic crystal fiber-based surface plasmon resonance (PCF-SPR) sensor has been proposed. In this external sensing mechanism based sensor, we have used gold as ...plasmonic material with an adhesive TiO2 layer over it, enhancing the interaction between analyte channel and gold metal. Using the wavelength interrogation and amplitude interrogation method, the maximum wavelength and amplitude sensitivities are obtained 22,800 nm/RIU and 947 RIU−1, respectively, for analyte range 1.30–1.40 with a maximum wavelength resolution of 4.38 × 10−6. With Full-width half maxima (FWHM) around 45 nm, the sensor provides a high figure of merit (FOM) 507 RIU−1. The proposed sensor can be fabricated from newly available technologies such as the sol-gel method, stack and draw method for several practical applications in the bio-medical field, bio-chemical field to provide higher and accurate sensing results. The presented sensor has also played a vital role in cancer cell detection with higher sensing performance.
•Study of surface plasmon resonance based photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor.•Plasmonic material Au with an adhesive layer TiO2 has used to improve the sensitivities.•Wavelength and amplitude sensitivities are 22,800 nm/RIU and 947 RIU−1, respectively.•Wavelength resolution and figure of merit are 4.38 × 10−6 and is 507 RIU−1, respectively.•Proposed sensor has utilized to the detection of cancer cells with high sensing performance.
In this paper, a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensor based on surface plasmon resonance is proposed for refractive index (RI) sensing with improved sensitivity and resolution. In this design, solid ...core PCF with three layers of holes is used. Instead of a coating metal layer, we have used two metal wires at both sides of the outside layer of fiber to originate surface plasmon resonance for detection of RI of analyte effectively. Design and analyses have been performed by a Full vectorial finite element method (FV-FEM). Metals Cu, Au, and Ag have been used as plasmonic materials that exhibit higher wavelength sensitivity 7300 nm/RIU, 6200 nm/RIU, and 6100 nm/RIU, respectively. For Cu metal, we observe maximum amplitude sensitivity 597 RIU
−1
with higher resolution 1.36 × 10
–5
RIU for refractive index of range 1.31–1.36. However, the average sensitivity for Cu, Au, and Ag are 4320 nm/RIU, 4275 nm/RIU, and 3950 nm/RIU, respectively. The effect of air holes along with metal wires for sensitivity is also investigated. In results, copper has provided better sensitivity as well as resolution for a long-range analyte for this proposed RI sensor.
Paracetamol (PCM) is a well-known drug widely used for its analgesic and antipyretic properties. PCM is generally considered as safe but overdose of PCM can cause nephrotoxicity. Traditionally, herbs ...have been used for the treatment of drug or toxin-induced renal disorders and numerous medicinal plants were tested for nephroprotection effect in PCM-induced nephrotoxicity model. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of the herbal extract Eurycoma longifolia (EL) against PCM-induced nephrotoxicity rat model. Forty Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups of eight rats each: control (vehicle 10 ml/kg), PCM alone (200 mg/kg PCM), EL 100 (EL 100 mg/kg+200 mg/kg PCM), EL 200 (EL 200 mg/kg+200 mg/kg PCM), and EL 400 (EL 400 mg/kg+200 mg/kg PCM). All animals from control group received vehicle daily and animals from groups PCM alone, EL 100, EL 200, and EL 400 received repeated dose of PCM and the assigned treatment of EL daily for a period of 14 days. On the 15th day, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, protein, and albumin were measured in blood and creatinine clearance was measured in urine collected over 24 hours. Kidney sections of all experimental groups underwent histopathological analysis. There was a significant (p<0.05) increase in serum creatinine and blood urea levels in the PCM alone group compared to the treatment groups due to nephrotoxicity. In the treatment groups, there was a dose-dependent protection against PCM-induced changes observed in serum total protein, albumin, urea, and creatinine. Significant (p<0.05) drop was seen in serum creatinine and blood urea content in EL 200 and EL 400 groups. Creatinine clearance significantly increased for EL 200 (p<0.01) and EL 400 (p < 0.001) groups. Serum total protein and serum albumin content were significantly increased (p<0.05) in EL 200 and EL 400 groups compared to PCM alone group. Histopathological examination (H&E staining) of the rat kidneys revealed severe degeneration in the PCM alone group, while there was evidence of significant dose-dependent protection in the treatment groups against PCM-induced changes. The serum and urine biochemical results and histopathology analysis of the kidney indicate the nephroprotective potential of EL extract against PCM-induced nephrotoxicity.
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