Uvod: Primarni hiperparatireoidizam liječi se kirurški. Opseg i uspješnost operacije ovise o točnosti prepoznavanja lokalizacije patološki promijenjene žlijezde dijagnostičkim pretragama prije ...operacije te o intraoperativnoj potvrdi uklanjanja izvora povišene koncentracije PTH. Materijali i metode: Učinjena je retrospektivna analiza bolesnika s dijagnozom primarnog hiperparatireoidizma liječenih u Klinici za tumore u periodu od 2012. do 2019. Godine. Uključena su 54 bolesnika s dijagnozom primarnog hiperparatireoidizma, jedna bolesnica operirana je dva puta. Raspon normalnih koncentracija intaktnog PTH je 15 – 65 pg/mL, a ukupnog kalcija 2,14 – 2,53 mmol/L. Preoperativna koncentracija PTH mjerena je nakon uvoda u opću anesteziju. Intraoperativna koncentracija PTH mjerena je 15 minuta nakon vađenja žlijezde koju smo smatrali zahvaćenom. Kriterij uspješno učinjene operacije bio je pad koncentracije PTH veći od 50% u odnosu na početnu vrijednost. U slučaju izostanka pada koncentracije PTH, prema odluci kirurga, a ovisno o intraoperativnoj situaciji, operacija je produljena traženjem zahvaćene žlijezde, te ponavljanim mjerenjem. Rezultati: Prosječna koncentracija PTH prije operacije bila je 117,4 (39,6 – 305,4) pg/mL, a ukupnog kalcija 2,75 (2,45 – 3,15) mmol/L. Prosječna koncentracija intraoperativnog PTH bila je 35,6 (8,1 – 198,6) pg/mL. Intraoperativne vrijednosti bile su 67,6% manje u odnosu na preoperativne. Kod 44
bolesnika bilo je dovoljno jedno intraoperativno mjerenje koncentracije PTH, dok je kod 11 bolesnika bilo potrebno više mjerenja. Prosječna koncentracija ukupnog kalcija šest mjeseci nakon operacije bila je 2,39 (1,96 – 2,7) mmol/L. Primjenom intraoperativnog određivanja PTH postignuta je uspješnost operacije kod 53 bolesnika (98,14%). Određivanje intraoperativnog pada koncentracije PTH ima visoku osjetljivost 88,7% i pozitivnu prediktivnu vrijednost 97,9%. Zaključak: Intraoperativna potvrda pada koncentracije PTH povećava uspjeh kirurškog
liječenja primarnog hiperparatireoidizma, posebno u skupini bolesnika s multiglandularnom bolesti. Zaključak je temeljen na skupini bolesnika kod kojih je bilo potrebno više od jednog određivanja intraoperativnog PTH.
Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological cancer but there is no economically justified screening method. Although we can detect endometrial cells in the sample using PAP test, many studies ...show low sensitivity and positive predictive value of PAP test for the diagnosis of endometrial cancer. The goal of this research was to determine significance of PAP test for the diagnostics of endometrial carcinoma. Sensitivity and specificity were analyzed with statistical parameters. VCE (vaginal, cervical, endocervical) smears of patients with histologically proven endometrial carcinoma were re-examined in order to determine the proportion of false negative results for endometrial cancer cells in the VCE samples. Study group consisted of all consecutive patients with PAP test performed at the Department of Clinical Cytology of the University Hospital Center Osijek from 2002 until the end of 2014. There was one inclusion criteria: subsequent hysterectomy or curettage within the six month after the PAP test, regardless of histological finding. From a total of 263 patients with previous PAP test and histologically proven endometrial cancer, endometrial cancer was cytologicaly diagnosed in 24.7% (including suspicious and positive findings), while 66.2% patients had normal cytological findings. The diagnostic value of PAP test in detection of endometrial cancer was statistically revealed with 25% sensitivity and 99% specificity. To determine false negative rate VCE samples were reviewed for patients with histologically proven endometrial cancer and negative VCE findings. There were a total of five negative results. In one case revision did not changed the original negative diagnosis, but benign endometrial cells, a lot of blood and inadequate cytohormonal status were found. In three out of four reviewed samples there were missed cells of endometrial adenocarcinoma. Review of remaining VCE sample upgraded the diagnosis from negative to suspicious for endometrial cancer. Proportion of error in the detection of endometrial cancer using cytological findings was 3.4% (true false negatives). Negative rate of the cytological findings in the detection of endometrial cancer was 66.2%. PAP test is not a suitable method for detection of endometrial carcinoma due to low sensitivity (25%). The main cause of negative findings in PAP test was lack of diagnostic cells in the sample.
We hypothesized that quadrant prostate biopsy (QPB) provides sufficient first-line pathological evaluation of patients with presumed advanced prostate cancer (PC). The aim of this study was to ...investigate whether the reduction of core number in first-line PB from 6-12 to 4 in patients with presumed advanced PC leads to loss of clinically relevant information. We retrospectively studied 113 men that underwent PB, classified in two groups: "H" (high) and "L" (low likelihood of having advanced PC), according to PSA, digital rectal and transrectal ultrasound findings. Pathological results of 6-12-core PB and QPB were retrospectively compared for the presence of malignancy, percentage of positive cores, Gleason score (GS), and the presence of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN). PC detection rate was not impaired in group H but dropped significantly in group L, and the percentage of positive cores was not significantly changed in group H (p=0.39), but decreased in group L (p=0.04), due to sampling scheme reduction. No HGPIN was missed with QPB in group H, while 2 HGPINs were missed in group L. No significant change in GS in either group was observed (p=0.12, p=0.13) due to reduction to QPB. We conclude that in patients with presumed advanced PC, reduction of the number of cores in PB may be an acceptable diagnostic strategy, but further studies are needed to analyze the impact of PB scheme reduction on other relevant pathological information obtained from PB.
Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological cancer but there is no economically justified screening method. Although we can detect endometrial cells in the sample using PAP test, many studies ...show low sensitivity and positive predictive value of PAP test for the diagnosis of endometrial cancer. The goal of this research was to determine significance of PAP test for the diagnostics of endometrial carcinoma. Sensitivity and specificity were analyzed with statistical parameters. VCE (vaginal, cervical, endocervical) smears of patients with histologically proven endometrial carcinoma were re-examined in order to determine the proportion of false negative results for endometrial cancer cells in the VCE samples. Study group consisted of all consecutive patients with PAP test performed at the Department of Clinical Cytology of the University Hospital Osijek from 2002. until the end of 2014. There was one inclusion criteria: subsequent hysterectomy or curettage within the six month after the PAP test, regardless of histological finding. From a total of 263 patients with previous PAP test and histologically proven endometrial cancer, endometrial cancer was cytologicaly diagnosed in 24.7% (including suspicious and positive findings), while 66.2% patients had normal cytological findings. The diagnostic value of PAP test in detection of endometrial cancer was statistically revealed with 25% sensitivity and 99% specificity. To determine false negative rate VCE samples were reviewed for patients with histologically proven endometrial cancer and negative VCE findings. There were a total of five negative results. In one case revision did not changed the original negative diagnosis, but benign endometrial cells, a lot of blood and inadequate cytohormonal status were found. In three out of four reviewed samples there were missed cells of endometrial adenocarcinoma. Review of remaining VCE sample upgraded the diagnosis from negative to suspicious for endometrial cancer. Proportion of error in the detection of endometrial cancer using cytological findings was 3.4% (true false negatives). Negative rate of the cytological findings in the detection of endometrial cancer was 66.2%. PAP test is not a suitable method for detection of endometrial carcinoma due to low sensitivity (25%). The main cause of negative findings in PAP test was lack of diagnostic cells in the sample.
Aspiracijska citologija tankom iglom (FNAC) je utemeljena, visoko pouzdana i jeftina metoda u dijagnostici lezija dojke. Metoda je minimalno invazivna bez neželjenih nuspojava. Sastavni je dio tzv. ...trojnog pristupa u dijagnostičkoj obradi lezija dojke, te u specijaliziranim centrima ima visoku pouzdanost i senzitivnost. Također je unutar trojnog pristupa dokazala svoju vrijednost mogućnošću da izrazito pouzdano okarakterizira promjene. Dijagnostički učinak ovisi o iskustvu liječnika koji izvodi postupak, kvaliteti obrade materijala te dijagnostičkim vještinama citopatologa. Neadekvatni uzorak se
najčešće susreće u kolagenoznim lezijama,komplex sklerozirajućim promjenama te u oskudnosti primljenih materijalima od strane liječnika koji izvode punkciju, a nemaju dovoljno iskustva s procedurom. Najviša razina pouzdanosti postiže se u centrima s multidisciplinarnim pristupom. Većina europskih zemalja koristi isti sustav pisanja citoloških nalaza vezanih za dijagnostiku dojke (C1-C5), koristeći se smjernicama za osiguravanje kvalitete u probiru i dijagnostici karcinoma dojke.
Jasni sustav pisanja nalaza time osigurava pouzdanost nedvojbene citološke dijagnoze maligniteta, te u slučajevima kada je ona u skladu s radiološkim nalazima (mamografijom/ultrazvukom), kao dio trojnog pristupa nije potrebna hitna, introperativna patohistološka dijagnostika. Optimalno prikupljanje materijala radi dobivanja adekvatno celularnog uzorka je od ključne važnosti za pouzdanost aspiracijske citologije ( FNA). Nivo neadekvatnog materijala je najniži kada postupak izvodi
citopatolog, a najveći kada ga izvode liječnici drugih specijalnosti. Multidisciplinarni pristup je neophodan za povećanje kvalitete metode te za reduciranje njenih dijagnostičkih ograničenja. Samo u slučajevima kada ovakav model pristupa nije dostupan, uloga citologije (FNA) je manje učinkovita te se treba uzeti u obzir biopsija širokom iglom (CB). CB je alternativni dijagnostički modalitet, te se treba koristiti ciljano, u situacijama kada je izvjesnije da će omogućiti bolju dijagnostičku informaciju, npr. u slučajevima kada se radi o nepalpabilnim promjenama, mikrokalcifi katima, te u slučajevima klinički jasnog
malignog procesa gdje se planira preoperativna kemoterapija. CB se ne treba koristiti kao alternativa slabo izvedenoj citološkoj punkciji, te se navedene dvije metode međusobno ne isključuju.
Cell atypia in breast fine needle aspiration (FNA) can introduce some diagnostic difficulties. Molecules reflecting proliferative cell potential, such as Ki-67 and p27(Kip1) , can help in recognizing ...the true biological nature of a cell. Thus, the objective of the study was to analyze the difference in Ki-67 and p27(Kip1) cell immunoexpression in breast FNA specimens between fibroadenomas, fibrocystic changes (FCC) with atypia, and breast carcinoma. Microscopic analyses of cell cytomorphology and Ki-67 and p27(Kip1) breast cell immunoexpression were done after standard Pappenheim and immunocytochemical staining (labeled streptavidin-biotin, LSAB) method in autostainer DakoCytomation TechMate™. The study included 50 patients with breast carcinoma, 20 patients with fibroadenoma, and 20 patients with FCC with atypia. High Ki-67 and low or absent p27(Kip1) were found in most patients with breast carcinoma, while majority of FCC with atypia were characterized by low Ki-67 and moderate to high p27(Kip1) cell immunoexpression. Majority of fibroadenomas were associated with low Ki-67 and low to moderate p27(Kip1) cell immunoexpression indicating progressive decrease in cell cycle inhibition, but still not so high proliferative activity as in carcinoma. However, although statistically significant difference for Ki-67 and p27(Kip1) was found between breast lesions in our study, the large ranges observed for each marker make them essentially useless for better cytological diagnosis in a single case. Regarding their opposite role in cell cycle, inverse correlation of Ki-67 and p27(Kip1) was noticed. Poorly differentiated carcinoma cells had mostly high Ki-67 and low p27(Kip1) cell immunoexpression.
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