The objective of this study was to evaluate students' perceptions of differences in learning from faculty of different gender. This cross-sectional study involved pre-doctoral dental students (years ...2 to 4) who had a simulation and/or clinical experience working with dental faculty for at least one year. Students completed a self-administered questionnaire with three sections: demographic, difference between faculty related to their knowledge, skill, critical thinking, acceptance of cultural differences, and students' preferences in working with faculty in specialty clinics. A total of 136 students completed the survey (75.4% response rate). Participants were 52.6% women, 62.2% self-identified as Caucasian/White. Students reported that female faculty are more understanding (p = 0.001) and accepting of cultural differences (p<0.001) compared to male faculty (p<0.05). Students reported perceiving female faculty more as being a role model than male faculty (p = 0.034). When comparing male and female students, male student's perception of male faculty as a role model was significantly higher than female students (p0.05). Caucasian/White students perceived female faculty as more encouraging for discussions and male faculty as more rigid/inflexible (p<0.05). Students perceived female faculty as more understanding and culturally competent compared to male faculty. There were no significant differences in student's perceptions of male and female faculty in their knowledge, skills, compassion, critical thinking, feedback, communication skills, and grading. Students perceived female faculty as role models more than male faculty.
Background. COVID-19 pandemic and its related personal protective equipment have impacted all aspects of dental education. The qualitative study assesses the impact of COVID-19-related changes and ...their effects on students’ clinical learning from student and faculty perspectives. Methods. This qualitative study involved third- and fourth-year predoctoral dental students and full-time dental clinical faculty. A semistructured interview guide was used. The interview guide consisted of seven open-ended questions about the impact of the new COVID-19-related infection control procedures on students’ learning experience in the dental clinic. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using a basic interpretative approach by two independent researchers. Emerged themes were identified. Results. Twelve faculty members and 21 students participated in six focus groups. Three major themes emerged from the analysis: learning challenges, learning opportunities, and long-term impact. Students identified four categories of learning challenges: communication, visualization, clinical exposure, and heat. Five learning challenges identified by faculty were: faculty burnout, service delivery challenges, material wastage, teaching difficulties, and lack of comprehensive care. The five learning opportunities students identified were autonomy, preparedness, efficiency, safety, and personalized feedback. Learning opportunities identified by faculty were time management, autonomy, and preparedness. Three categories of long-term impact on students identified were future opportunities, adaptation, and postgraduation plans. Faculty identified apathy, career re-evaluation, and adaption as the long-term impact of COVID-19-related changes. Conclusion. Although the new COVID-19-related infection control procedures and regulations in the dental school clinical setting come with learning challenges, students and faculty also saw learning opportunities through increased autonomy, preparedness, and efficiency. The impact of COVID-19 extends beyond the current learning experiences as it may modify students’ long-term plans.
Background. To evaluate the effectiveness of MI Paste® in reducing sensitivity associated with vital tooth bleaching. Methods. This randomized controlled split-mouth clinical trial included 45 ...subjects that were randomly divided into two groups. In Group 1, the maxillary arch was the control arch (only bleaching), while the mandibular arch was the intervention arch (bleaching and MI Paste®). In Group 2, the mandibular arch was the control arch (only bleaching), while the maxillary arch was the intervention arch (bleaching and MI Paste®). Subjects started with the control arch and then switched to the intervention arch after two weeks. Subjects were instructed to use MI Paste® in a custom tray for 5 minutes, wait for 1 hour, and then bleach overnight using a different tray. Sensitivity was measured using both a thermal sensitivity test and a daily log of sensitivity for 14 days. Shade was evaluated using a colorimeter and a shade guide. Results. Immediately after treatment, the thermal test sensitivity scores for the arches bleached without MI Paste® were greater than those with MI Paste® (p=0.011). Arches not receiving the MI Paste® treatment showed significantly higher VAS sensitivity scores during the 14-day period of bleaching (p=0.002). The mean score for the 14-day period was 37.9 for the arches not treated with MI Paste® versus 27.5 for the treated arches. Both the intervention group and the control group showed significantly lighter shade relative to baseline (p<0.001) with no significant difference between them (p=0.42). Conclusion. MI Paste® significantly reduced the sensitivity associated with bleaching and did not interfere with shade change.
A noval chiral sec-amine/amidine-base hybrid catalyst, N S-carbonylprolyl cyclohexyl Amine is described, which is able to catalyze conjugate addition of 6-Methyl-4-hydroxypyran and ...2-Hydroxy-naphthaquinone with various benzylideneacetones through Michael reactions that directly gives anticoagulant Warfarin analogues. These analogues were prepared in good yields (54–82%) and in good enantiomeric excess (50–75%). Identification of synthesized compounds was done by physio-chemical properties and spectral analysis (1H-NMR andamp; 13C-NMR).These compounds were further investigated for their antimicrobial (antibacterial andamp; antifungal) activities and DNA-binding studies. Antimicrobial studies were carried out by Disc Diffusion while DNA-binding studies were carried out by Cyclic Voltammetry and UV-Visible spectroscopy. These studies showed that the compounds showed significant interaction with DNA. Some analogues also imparted prominent antimicrobial activities.
Background: Spinal anesthesia is the safest and most popular technique used for cesarean section worldwide. Certain maternal and fetal conditions such as increased maternal abdominal circumference ...and fetal weight can have profound effect on degree of hypotension cause by Spinal anesthesia. The study aims to determine the occurrence of spinal hypotension in relation to abdominal circumference and fetal weight. Objective: To assess the relationship between term parturient's abdominal circumference and the fetal weight with the occurrence of hypotension during cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Study type, settings and duration: This prospective observational study conducted at Department of Anesthesiology, Dr. Ruth K. M. Pfau Civil Hospital, Karachi from February to June 2022. Methodology: Total 116 terms parturient at 37 weeks or greater were enrolled after taking consent. The patient's height and abdominal circumference in centimeters was measured using a measuring tape while weight was measured using a digital weighing scale. Two groups of patients were made according to the abdominal circumference. Baseline readings were taken of pulse, blood pressure and mean arterial pressure prior to the surgery. Patients were preloaded using crystalloids and then intra-thecal bupivacaine was administered, following the administration of spinal anesthesia mean arterial pressure, heart rate and blood pressure were recorded every three minutes till the delivery of the baby. Results: Total 39 patients out of 116 developed hypotension. Out of these 39 patients 31 had an abdominal circumference of more than 101 cm. This indicates that large AC has linear relationship with the degree of hypotension and it was not found to be related to increased fetal weight. Conclusion: There was no relation found between fetal weight and the occurrence of hypotension, however, the larger abdominal circumference to be more likely to develop a greater degree of hypotension following spinal anesthesia in term parturient.
The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), result from the combined effects of susceptibility genes and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in genes ...regulating inflammation may explain part of the genetic heritage.
Using a candidate gene approach, 39 mainly functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 26 genes regulating inflammation were assessed in a clinical homogeneous group of severely diseased patients consisting of 624 patients with CD, 411 patients with UC and 795 controls. The results were analysed using logistic regression.
Sixteen polymorphisms in 13 genes involved in regulation of inflammation were associated with risk of CD and/or UC (p ≤ 0.05). The polymorphisms TLR2 (rs1816702), NFKB1 (rs28362491), TNFRSF1A (rs4149570), IL6R (rs4537545), IL23R (rs11209026) and PTPN22 (rs2476601) were associated with risk of CD and the polymorphisms TLR2 (rs1816702), TLR4 (rs1554973 and rs12377632), TLR9 (rs352139), LY96 (rs11465996), NFKBIA (rs696), TNFA (rs1800629), TNFRSF1A (rs4149570), IL10 (rs3024505), IL23R (rs11209026), PTPN22 (rs2476601) and PPARG (rs1801282) were associated with risk of UC. When including all patients (IBD) the polymorphisms TLR2 (rs4696480 and rs1816702), TLR4 (rs1554973 and rs12377632), TLR9 (rs187084), TNFRSF1A (rs4149570), IL6R (rs4537545), IL10 (rs3024505), IL23R (rs11209026) and PTPN22 (rs2476601) were associated with risk. After Bonferroni correction for multiple testing, both the homozygous and the heterozygous variant genotypes of IL23R G>A(rs11209026) (OR(CD,adj): 0.38, 95% CI: 0.21-0.67, p = 0.03; OR(IBD,adj) 0.43, 95% CI: 0.28-0.67, p = 0.007) and PTPN22 1858 G>A(rs2476601) (OR(CD,unadj) 0.54, 95% CI: 0.41-0.72, p = 7*10-4; OR(IBD,unadj): 0.61, 95% CI: 0.48-0.77, p = 0.001) were associated with reduced risk of CD.
The biological effects of the studied polymorphisms suggest that genetically determined high inflammatory response was associated with increased risk of CD. The many SNPs found in TLRs suggest that the host microbial composition or environmental factors in the gut are involved in risk of IBD in genetically susceptible individuals.
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