Summary Background Glatiramer acetate, approved for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, reduces relapses and disease activity and burden monitored by MRI. We assessed the ...efficacy of early treatment with glatiramer acetate in delaying onset of clinically definite multiple sclerosis. Methods In this randomised, double-blind trial, undertaken in 80 sites in 16 countries, 481 patients presenting with a clinically isolated syndrome with unifocal manifestation, and two or more T2-weighted brain lesions measuring 6 mm or more, were randomly assigned to receive either subcutaneous glatiramer acetate 20 mg per day (n=243) or placebo (n=238) for up to 36 months, unless they converted to clinically definite multiple sclerosis. The randomisation scheme used SAS-based blocks stratified by centre, and patients and all personnel were masked to treatment assignment. The primary endpoint was time to clinically definite multiple sclerosis, based on a second clinical attack. Analysis was by intention to treat. A preplanned interim analysis was done for data accumulated from 81% of the 3-year study exposure. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov , number NCT00666224. Findings All randomly assigned participants were analysed for the primary outcome. Glatiramer acetate reduced the risk of developing clinically definite multiple sclerosis by 45% compared with placebo (hazard ratio 0·55, 95% CI 0·40–0·77; p=0·0005). The time for 25% of patients to convert to clinically definite disease was prolonged by 115%, from 336 days for placebo to 722 days for glatiramer acetate. The most common adverse events in the glatiramer acetate group were injection-site reactions (135 56% glatiramer acetate vs 56 24% placebo) and immediate post-injection reactions (47 19% vs 12 5%). Interpretation Early treatment with glatiramer acetate is efficacious in delaying conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis in patients presenting with clinically isolated syndrome and brain lesions detected by MRI. Funding Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Israel.
Summary Natalizumab is a new treatment option for patients with active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. In phase III studies, natalizumab was highly effective and well tolerated; however, ...three cases of progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (PML) were identified (estimated incidence of one per 1000; 95% CI 0·2–2·8; mean treatment period 17·9 months). In this Review we summarise the current information on PML, the three confirmed cases of PML, and the results of an extensive safety assessment of all patients treated with natalizumab. On the basis of these reviews, we make recommendations for appropriate selection of candidates for natalizumab and pretreatment assessments. In addition, a three-step diagnostic and management algorithm was developed to monitor natalizumab-treated patients with multiple sclerosis for PML and other opportunistic infections. The algorithm includes strategies for clinical, MRI, and laboratory assessments. Maintaining clinical vigilance allows for early suspension of natalizumab in potential cases of PML, thereby increasing the opportunity for immune reconstitution, which may improve prognosis if PML is confirmed.
Summary Background Interferon beta is commonly used to treat patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis; however, the treatment is only partially effective in reducing relapses and ...progression of disability. Corticosteroids are used to treat relapses in patients with multiple sclerosis. We therefore aimed to investigate the combination of cyclic methylprednisolone and interferon beta for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Methods In 2001, we designed a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, parallel-group trial, termed the methylprednisolone in combination with interferon beta-1a for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MECOMBIN) study. Patients were recruited between October, 2002, and March, 2005 from 50 neurology departments in eight countries. We included treatment-naive patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis who had an expanded disability status scale (EDSS) score of 4 or less. Patients all started to receive interferon beta-1a and after 3 months were randomly assigned to add-on methylprednisolone or placebo 500 mg/day orally for 3 consecutive days per month for 3–4 years. Placebo tablets were identical to methylprednisolone tablets. Treating physicians, examining physicians, and patients were masked to treatment allocation. Patients were clinically assessed every 3 months and had brain MRI at baseline and 3 years later. The primary outcome was time to onset of disability progression, according to an increase in EDSS score sustained over 6 months. All patients who received at least one dose of study drug were included in all planned analyses. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT00168766. Findings 341 patients were randomly assigned to methylprednisolone (n=172) or placebo (n=169); 171 patients in the methylprednisolone group and 167 in the placebo group received at least one dose of study drug. 90 patients had sustained disability progression: 44 of 167 in the methylprednisolone group and 46 of 171 in the placebo group. The time to sustained progression did not differ between groups (hazard ratio 0·879, 95% CI 0·566–1·365; p=0·57). There were 1436 adverse events, 24 of which were serious, in the methylprednisolone group and 1070 events, 35 of which were serious, in the placebo group. Interpretation Monthly pulses of methylprednisolone in combination with interferon beta-1a do not seem to affect disability progression any more than interferon beta-1a treatment alone. More research is required to assess whether this treatment regimen might benefit particular subsets of patients. Funding Biogen Idec.
Summary Natalizumab, a highly specific α4-integrin antagonist, is approved for treatment of patients with active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). It is generally recommended for ...individuals who have not responded to a currently available first-line disease-modifying therapy or who have very active disease. The expected benefits of natalizumab treatment have to be weighed against risks, especially the rare but serious adverse event of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. In this Review, we revisit and update previous recommendations on natalizumab for treatment of patients with RRMS, based on additional long-term follow-up of clinical studies and post-marketing observations, including appropriate patient selection and management recommendations.
