Amyloid Beta in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Sehar, Ujala; Rawat, Priyanka; Reddy, Arubala P ...
International journal of molecular sciences,
10/2022, Letnik:
23, Številka:
21
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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Alzheimer's disease (AD), is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects behavior, thinking, learning, and memory in elderly individuals. AD occurs in two forms, early onset familial and ...late-onset sporadic; genetic mutations in PS1, PS2, and APP genes cause early onset familial AD, and a combination of lifestyle, environment and genetic factors causes the late-onset sporadic form of the disease. However, accelerated disease progression is noticed in patients with familial AD. Disease-causing pathological changes are synaptic damage, and mitochondrial structural and functional changes, in addition to increased production and accumulation of phosphorylated tau (p-tau), and amyloid beta (Aβ) in the affected brain regions in AD patients. Aβ is a peptide derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by proteolytic cleavage of beta and gamma secretases. APP is a glycoprotein that plays a significant role in maintaining neuronal homeostasis like signaling, neuronal development, and intracellular transport. Aβ is reported to have both protective and toxic effects in neurons. The purpose of our article is to summarize recent developments of Aβ and its association with synapses, mitochondria, microglia, astrocytes, and its interaction with p-tau. Our article also covers the therapeutic strategies that reduce Aβ toxicities in disease progression and discusses the reasons for the failures of Aβ therapeutics.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in elderly people. Amyloid beta (Aβ) deposits and neurofibrillary tangles are the major pathological features in an Alzheimer’s brain. These ...proteins are highly expressed in nerve cells and found in most tissues. Tau primarily provides stabilization to microtubules in the part of axons and dendrites. However, tau in a pathological state becomes hyperphosphorylated, causing tau dysfunction and leading to synaptic impairment and degeneration of neurons. This article presents a summary of the role of tau, phosphorylated tau (p-tau) in AD, and other tauopathies. Tauopathies, including Pick’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, corticobasal degeneration, Alzheimer’s disease, argyrophilic grain disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, and Huntington’s disease, are the result of misprocessing and accumulation of tau within the neuronal and glial cells. This article also focuses on current research on the post-translational modifications and genetics of tau, tau pathology, the role of tau in tauopathies and the development of new drugs targeting p-tau, and the therapeutics for treating and possibly preventing tauopathies.
Diabetes is an age-related chronic health condition and a major public health concern. Diabetes is one of the significant causes of morbidity and mortality and a major contributing factor to ...dementia. Recent research reveals that Hispanic Americans are at an increased risk of chronic conditions such as diabetes, dementia, and obesity. Recent research also revealed that diabetes develops at least ten years earlier in Hispanics and Latinos than in neighboring non-Hispanic whites. Furthermore, the management of diabetes and providing necessary/timely support is a challenging task for healthcare professionals. Caregiver support is an emerging area of research for people with diabetes, mainly family caregiver support work for Hispanic and Native Americans. Our article discusses several aspects of diabetes, factors associated with diabetes among Hispanics, its management, and how caregivers can support individuals with diabetes.
Cancer is a public health concern and causes more than 8 million deaths annually. Cancer triggers include population growth, aging, and variations in the prevalence and distribution of the critical ...risk factors for cancer. Multiple hallmarks are involved in cancer, including cell proliferation, evading growth suppressors, activating invasion and metastasis, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, reprogramming energy metabolism, and evading immune destruction. Both cancer and dementia are age-related and potentially lethal, impacting survival. With increasing aging populations, cancer and dementia cause a burden on patients, family members, the health care system, and informal/formal caregivers. In the current article, we highlight cancer prevalence with a focus on different ethnic groups, ages, and genders. Our article covers risk factors and genetic causes associated with cancer and types of cancers and comorbidities. We extensively cover the impact of cancer in Hispanics in comparison to that in other ethnic groups. We also discuss the status of caregivers with cancer patients and urgent needs from the state and federal support for caregivers.
Phenolic acids are an important class of secondary metabolites present in millets possessing diverse bioactivities. They maximally exist in bound form and their extraction is an important aspect for ...their nutritional and therapeutic uses. This study compares amount of total phenolics in seeds and microgreens followed by the optimization of ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) of free and bound phenolics from two varieties (VL-324 and VL-352) of
Eleusine coracana
(Finger millet) using response surface methodology. A Box–Behnken design for recovery of total phenolic content (TPC), DPPH
·
and ABTS
+
radical scavenging was used. The optimized conditions for extracting free phenolics from VL-324 and VL-352 varieties were 50 min, 45.11% methanol and 10 ml/g solvent to matter (S/M) ratio, and 60 min, 49.86% methanol and 16.69 ml/g S/M, whereas bound phenolics were 60 min, 1.65 M NaOH and 26.38 ml/g S/M, and 97 min, 1 M NaOH and 26.53 ml/g S/M, respectively. Free TPC was comparable in both varieties whereas, antioxidant activity was higher in VL-352 extract. Bound TPC and antioxidant activity were higher in VL-352 variety. UPLC–MS/MS revealed ferulic acid was the most abundant phenolic acid in free and bound forms. Comparing with conventional solvent extraction (CSE) revealed UAE yielded higher TPC and excellent antioxidant activity. Bound phenolics extracts displayed substantial antibacterial activity against opportunistic bacteria (
Staphylococcus aureus
and
Cronobacter sakazakii
) with lower MIC (0.125 µg/ml) against Gram-negative bacteria with more complex cell walls. These optimized conditions help in enriching phenolics with higher antioxidant and antibacterial potential.
Graphical abstract
With increasing aging, dementia is a growing public health concern globally. Patients with dementia have multiple psychological and behavioral changes, including depression, anxiety, inappropriate ...behavior, paranoia, agitation, and hallucinations. The major types of dementia are Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia (VCID), Lewy body dementia (LBD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and mixed dementia (MiAD). Among these, AD is the most common form of dementia in the elderly population. In the last three decades, tremendous progress has been made in understanding AD's biology and disease progression, particularly its molecular basis, biomarker development, and drug discovery. Multiple cellular changes have been implicated in the progression of AD, including amyloid beta, phosphorylated tau, synaptic damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, deregulated microRNAs, inflammatory changes, hormonal deregulation, and others; based on these changes, therapeutic strategies have been developed, which are currently being tested in animal models and human clinical trials. The purpose of our article is to highlight recent therapeutic strategies' developments, critically discuss current strategies' failures, and propose new strategies to combat this devasting mental illness.
Natural killer (NK) cells are involved in providing immunity against autoimmune diseases and perpetuation of a successful pregnancy in addition to protecting us from viral infections and providing ...tumor immunity. NK cells are present in various organs such as spleen, blood, lymph nodes, skin, liver and uterus and differential expression of transcription factors in divergent subsets of NK cells lead to differences in their cytotoxicity and cytokine profile. Tissue-specific expression and regulation of the TFs involved, has a profound effect on the cytokine profile and surface markers on NK cells, thus impacting NK cell function. Nfil-3, Id-2, Ets-1, GATA-3, and Eomes are TFs varying in abundance in peripheral NK (pNK) and uterine NK cells (uNK), which further highlights the functional variations in the two subsets of NK cells. GATA-3 mediated regulation of IFN-γ production, NK cell maturation, protection against pathogens, and regulation of expression of inhibitory NK cell receptor (NKG2A), exemplifies a potential mechanism for immune-modulation, involving NK cells. This review highlights the differences in the regulation of TFs in pNK and uNK cells, which can be crucial for development of novel immune-therapeutics.
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A review on polymers in ocular drug delivery systems Bisen, Amol C.; Biswas, Arpon; Dubey, Ayush ...
MedComm - Biomaterials and applications,
June 2024, 2024-06-00, 2024-06-01, Letnik:
3, Številka:
2
Journal Article
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Amid the escalating prevalence of eye diseases and the intricate nature of the eye as a crucial target organ for drug delivery, researchers face significant challenges in developing delivery systems ...tailored specifically for ocular complications. Addressing the gaps in the current conventional ocular drug delivery system (ODDS) is crucial and this can be achieved by incorporating polymers while designing newer ODDS. This review aims to offer a concise overview of the diverse polymers utilized in the development of ODDS, designed to address various eye conditions and disorders, enhance treatment outcomes, and ensure patient adherence. Introducing the anatomy of the eye and different ocular routes of administration, alongside the barriers encountered, this review presents polymer‐based ODDS, renowned for their unique properties facilitating the engineering of specialized devices for enhanced drug delivery. Further discussions delve into the applications of polymers in ophthalmology. Emphasis is placed on emerging polymer‐based technologies available in the market for treating ocular diseases, underscoring their potential for revolutionizing ocular healthcare. The review also addresses challenges in translating these advancements into clinical practice, while highlighting the versatility of polymers in treating diverse eye diseases and disorders through customizable properties and sustained drug delivery.
Polymers play a pivotal role in ocular drug delivery, revolutionizing treatment approaches. These biomaterials enable controlled and sustained drug release at the targeted site, enhancing bioavailability and patient compliance. From nanosized particle‐based formulations to in situ gelation mechanisms, polymers offer improved treatment options for a diversity of ocular diseases (Figure created using Microsoft Designer).
With the rapid development in wireless technologies and the Internet, the Internet of Things (IoT) is envisioned to be an integral part of our daily lives. Localization-based services are among the ...most attractive applications related to the IoT. They are actually, thanks to the deployment of networks of sensors, able to collect and transmit data in order to determine the targets position. A plethora of localization systems are proposed in the literature. These localization systems are based on different positioning approaches, different techniques and different technologies, making them appropriate for some applications and inappropriate for other applications. This survey provides a general overview of the localization in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and surveys technical details related to approaches and algorithms of various important localization techniques using different technologies. Based on the localization approaches, we propose to classify the localization systems to centralized, distributed and interactive. Considering the techniques of localization, we classify them to distance measurement, angle measurement, arear measurement and hop-count measurement based. Finally, Depending on the manner of the wireless devices interaction with the target, we classify the localization systems to two categories: device-based and device-free systems. In device-based techniques, localization is linked to the target, and localization is determined thanks to the cooperation with other deployed wireless devices. Whereas in the device-free systems, the target does not include any wireless device according to the localization. We compare exhaustively each system in terms of precision, cost, evolution and energy efficiency. Furthermore, we show the importance of localization in modern IoT application such as smart city, smart transportation and mobility. In this concern, we provide an overview of the main challenges of localization in IoT exposed recently in the literature. Finally, we suggest in this paper some future directions in localization studies. This paper intends to help new researchers in the field of localization and IoT by providing a comprehensive survey on recent advances in this field.
