Two dimensional single crystals like graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, phosphorene, etc. can be useful for sensing applications due to their enhanced surface to volume ratio. A single ...electron transistor (SET) device made of such materials is proposed here as a futuristic low power device prototype for sensing purposes. The operation and performance of these SET devices are investigated for the first time using Density functional theory based Ab-initio calculations to understand their relative sensitivities towards sensing different gas molecules. The adsorption of CO, CO2, NH3 and NO2 on monolayers of graphene, MoS2 and phosphorene are investigated to find their most stable configurations and relative orientations on the host layers. The structural and electronic properties of the host layers have been found to be unaffected as a result of the adsorption processes. Phosphorene offers highest strength of physio-adsorption for all these molecules, indicating its superiority than the other two materials. It is observed that Phosphorene and MoS2 are additionally sensitive towards the N-based molecules and magnetism could be induced in the presence of a paramagnetic molecule. Present results indicate that the charge stability diagram of the SET is unique for a specific gas molecule on the Two-dimensional (2D) layer and this is sensitive up to the addition/removal of a single molecule from the island. The wide temperature range of operation, extreme detection sensitivity and the versatility of the 2D materials for gas sensing make these SET devices very powerful candidates for practical application.
Background
The epithelial cell‐derived danger signal mediators thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and IL‐33 are consistently associated with adaptive Th2 immune responses in asthma. In addition, ...TSLP and IL‐33 synergistically promoted group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) activation to induce innate allergic inflammation. However, the mechanism of this synergistic ILC2 activation is unknown.
Methods
BALB/c WT and TSLP receptor‐deficient (TSLPR−/−) mice were challenged intranasally with Alternaria extract (Alt‐Ext) or PBS for 4 consecutive days to evaluate innate airway allergic inflammation. WT mice pre‐administered with rTSLP or vehicle, TSLPR−/− mice, and IL‐33 receptor‐deficient (ST2−/−) mice were challenged intranasally with Alt‐Ext or vehicle once or twice to evaluate IL‐33 release and TSLP expression in the lung. TSLPR and ST2 expression on lung ILC2 were measured by flow cytometry after treatment of rTSLP, rIL‐33, rTSLP + rIL‐33, or vehicle.
Results
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin receptor deficient mice had significantly decreased the number of lung ILC2 expressing IL‐5 and IL‐13 following Alt‐Ext‐challenge compared to WT mice. Further, eosinophilia, protein level of lung IL‐4, IL‐5, and IL‐13, and airway mucus score were also significantly decreased in TSLPR−/− mice compared to WT mice. Endogenous and exogenous TSLP increased Alt‐Ext‐induced IL‐33 release into BALF, and ST2 deficiency decreased Alt‐Ext‐induced TSLP expression in the lung. Further, rTSLP and rIL‐33 treatment reciprocally increased each other's receptor expression on lung ILC2 in vivo and in vitro.
Conclusion
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin and IL‐33 signaling reciprocally enhanced each other's protein release and expression in the lung following Alt‐Ext‐challenge and each other's receptor expression on lung ILC2 to enhance ILC2 activation.
We found that TSLPR deficiency significantly decrease the number of lung ILC2, airway eosinophils, and mucus production in mouse challenged with Alternaria extract. TSLP‐TSLPR and IL‐33‐ST2 signaling augments each other's protein release and expression in the lung epithelial cells after aeroallergen challenge. TSLP and IL‐33 signaling increases each other's receptor expression on lung ILC2, and the IL‐33‐augmented TSLPR expression enhances pSTAT5 in the ILC2.
In this article dispersive optical soliton solutions that are governed by the time-fractional Schrödinger–Hirota equation have been presented. Some new soliton solutions of the time-fractional SH ...equations are obtained in this work. Using extended auxiliary equation method, optical soliton solutions are sought for the fractional SH equations with power law nonlinearity as well as Kerr law nonlinearity. Using fractional complex transform the time-fractional SH equation is converted into the nonlinear ordinary differential equation, and then, the resulting equation is solved using a novel analytical method viz. extended auxiliary equation method. As a result of this, some new optical soliton solutions have been successfully obtained. The obtained results show that the proposed method is a straightforward technique to find out new optical solutions of time-fractional SH equation.
In this paper, using the Lie group analysis method, the infinitesimal generators for (2+1)-dimensional Bogoyavlensky–Konopelchenko equation are obtained. The new concept of nonlinear self-adjointness ...of differential equations is used for construction of nonlocal conservation laws. The conservation laws for the (2+1)-dimensional Bogoyavlensky–Konopelchenko equation are obtained by using the new conservation theorem method and the formal Lagrangian approach. Transforming this equation into a system of equations involving with two dependent variables, it has been shown that the resultant system of equations is quasi self-adjoint and finally the new nonlocal conservation laws are constructed by using the Lie symmetry operators.
In this paper, new exact solutions of fractional nonlinear acoustic wave equations have been devised. The travelling periodic wave solutions of fractional Burgers–Hopf equation and ...Khokhlov–Zabolotskaya–Kuznetsov (KZK) equation have obtained by first integral method. Nonlinear ultrasound modelling is found to have an increasing number of applications in both medical and industrial areas where due to high pressure amplitudes the effects of nonlinear propagation are no longer negligible. Taking nonlinear effects into account, the ultrasound beam analysis makes more accurate in these applications. The Burgers–Hopf equation is one of the extensively studied models in mathematical physics. In addition, the KZK parabolic nonlinear wave equation is one of the most widely employed nonlinear models for propagation of 3D diffraction sound beams in dissipative media. In the present analysis, these nonlinear equations have solved by first integral method. As a result, new exact analytical solutions have been obtained first time ever for these fractional order acoustic wave equations. The obtained results are presented graphically to demonstrate the efficiency of this proposed method.
In the present paper, we construct the analytical exact solutions of some nonlinear evolution equations in mathematical physics, namely the time fractional KdV–Zakharov–Kuznetsov (KdV–ZK) and ...space–time fractional modified KdV–Zakharov–Kuznetsov (mKdV–ZK) equations by using improved fractional sub equation method. As a result, new types of exact analytical solutions are obtained. The obtained results are shown graphically. Here the fractional derivative is described in the Jumarie’s modified Riemann–Liouville sense.
In this paper, two efficient semi-discrete techniques based on the two-dimensional shifted Legendre and Boubaker wavelets are proposed to devise the approximate solutions for nonlinear variable-order ...Riesz space fractional Schrödinger equations. Firstly, in order to implement these proposed techniques, new operational integration matrices for variable-order fractional derivatives were derived using wavelet functions vector for two considered cases. The main advantage behind the proposed approach is that the problems under consideration are transformed into the system of algebraic equations. Then, these systems of algebraic equations can be solved simply to obtain the approximate solutions for two considered cases. In addition, in order to determine the convergence analysis and error estimate of the proposed numerical techniques, some useful theorems are also analyzed rigorously. To illustrate the applicability, accuracy and efficiency of the proposed semi-discrete techniques, some concrete examples are solved using the suggested wavelets methods. The achieved numerical results reveal that the proposed methods based on the two-dimensional shifted Legendre and Boubaker wavelets very easy to implement, efficient and accurate.
This paper focuses on the fourth-order nonlinear potential Ito equation, which describes wave patterns in shallow waters. To reveal the integrable characteristics of the considered equation, such as ...bilinear BT and Lax pair, the Bell polynomials method is used. By employing this technique, the bilinear representation in the form of classical Hirota operators is derived. Moreover, with the help of bilinear form, the bilinear Bäcklund transformation and the Lax pair of the considered equation are obtained successfully. The three wave method in the form of test function is adopted to generate the analytical solutions of the considered equation. By applying this approach, ten analytical solutions are obtained successfully. For each of the obtained solutions, a 3D graph has been plotted by varying free parametric values. These graphs show the different kinds of wave behaviour, including kink-soliton, anti-kink soliton, periodic wave, dark-soliton, bright-soliton, and some complex kink and periodic-type wave solutions.
Natural fibers, as replacement of engineered fibers, have been one of the most researched topics over the past years. This is due to their inherent properties, such as biodegradability, renewability ...and their abundant availability when compared to synthetic fibers. Synthetic fibers derived from finite resources (fossil fuels) and are thus, affected mainly by volatility oil prices and their accumulation in the environment and/or landfill sites as main drawbacks their mechanical properties and thermal properties surpass that of natural fibers. A combination of these fibers/fillers, as reinforcement of various polymeric materials, offers new opportunities to produce multifunctional materials and structures for advanced applications. This article intends to cover recent developments from 2013-up to date on hybrid composites, based on natural fibers with other fillers. Hybrid composites preparation and characterization towards their applicability in advanced applications and the current challenges are also presented.
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