On the basis of the net transfer reactions among garnet, biotite, plagioclase and quartz (for both Mg and Fe end-member models), the garnet–biotite–plagioclase–quartz (GBPQ) geobarometer was ...empirically calibrated under physical conditions of P = 1·0–11·4 kbar and T = 515–878°C, based on the input garnet–biotite temperatures and garnet–aluminosilicate–plagioclase–quartz (GASP) pressures of 224 natural aluminosilicate-bearing metapelitic samples collated from the literature. The calibrations are internally consistent with the asymmetric quaternary solid solution model of garnet, the symmetric quaternary solid solution model of biotite, and the Al-avoidance ternary solid solution model of plagioclase in calibrating the garnet–biotite geothermometer and the GASP geobarometer. The resulting two GBPQ barometer formulae reproduce the input GASP pressures well within ±1·0 kbar (mostly within ±0·5 kbar). For both aluminosilicate-bearing and aluminosilicate-absent metapelites, the two GBPQ barometry formulae yielded identical pressures, whether the sample was included or not included in calibrating the GBPQ barometry. The random error of the GBPQ barometry may be expected as ±1·2 kbar. The dP/dT slopes of these two GBPQ formulae are close to that of the GASP barometer in P–T space. Applications of the GBPQ barometry of aluminosilicate-absent metapelites to the rocks within a thermal contact aureole, or rocks within a limited geographical area without post-metamorphic structural discontinuity, show no obvious pressure change. It may be concluded that the two GBPQ barometry formulae derived in this study may be used as practical tools for metamorphic pelites under the conditions of 515–878°C and 1·0–11·4 kbar, in the composition range of Xgros >3% in garnet, Xan >17% in plagioclase, and \batchmode \documentclassfleqn,10pt,legalpaper{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{X}_{Al}^{bio}\ {>}3\%\) \end{document} in biotite. Application of the GBPQ barometer beyond the calibration range should be undertaken with caution.
Northeastern China is composed of the Paleozoic Xing'an Mongolian Orogenic Belt (XMOB) in the north, and the Archean North China Craton (NCC) in the south. Mantle xenoliths from the subcontinental ...lithospheric mantle (SCLM) underlying these crustal blocks were entrained in Cenozoic basalts and brought to the surface. The Os isotopic compositions of these xenoliths are quite variable. The most refractory xenoliths (Al
2O
3<1.2 wt.%) from both blocks yield model Os
T
RD ages between 1.2 and 0.4 Ga. For the XMOB, this indicates that some portions of the underlying SCLM are approximately the same age as the overlying continental crust. This is typical of the age relations between SCLM and the overlying crust for most cratons. The refractory xenoliths with minimally depleted
187Os/
188Os, however, suggest the addition of much younger, Phanerozoic lithospheric mantle. The lack of any xenoliths with Archean model ages in the SCLM underlying the NCC, sampled by this study, suggests that the original SCLM underlying the NCC block has been largely removed. This may have occurred during the Proterozoic, the Phanerozoic, or during both periods. These results highlight the complex age structure in the current SCLM beneath northeastern China, with lithosphere ranging in age from Proterozoic to additions within the past several 100 Ma.
Introduction
Human adenovirus 7 (HAdV‐7) is an important viral pathogen of severe pneumonia in children and a serious threat to health.
Methods
A cohort of 45 pediatric patients diagnosed with ...HAdV‐7‐associated severe pneumonia and admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit at the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from May 2018 to January 2020 were included. Risk factors of death were analyzed by the Cox proportional risk mode with Clinical data, serum, and nasopharyngeal aspirate adenovirus load, Genome analysis, Olink proteomics, and cytokine profile between dead and surviving patients were also analyzed.
Results
A total of 45 children with a median age of 12.0 months (interquartile range IQR: 6.5, 22.0) were included (female 14), including 14 (31.1%) who died. High serum viral load was an independent risk factor for mortality (hazard ratio HR = 2.16, 95% confidence interval CI, 1.04–4.49, p = 0.039). BTB and CNC homology 1 (BACH1), interleukin‐5 (IL‐5), and IL‐9 levels were significantly correlated with serum viral load (p = 0.0400, 0.0499, and 0.0290; r = 0.4663, 0.3339, and −0.3700, respectively), with significant differences between the dead and survival groups (p = 0.021, 0.001, and 0.021).
Conclusions
Severe cytokine storm‐associated high serum viral load after HAdV‐7 infection may be the main mechanism responsible for poor prognosis in children.
Laser shock processing induced structural transformation in graphite cluster of about 3nm diameter is simulated through molecular dynamics simulations. The Brenner potential is utilized to ...characterize short-range order while Lennard-Jones potential for long-range order. The effect of high-energy laser shock on graphite was simulated with corresponding temperature and pressure load applied to the graphite cluster. The graphite cluster was found to transform into nano-diamond, crystal structures and amorphous carbon after heating–pressing and annealing–decompression by analyzing pair distribution function g(r) and atomic snapshots process. An interesting mechanism ‘direct transfer-adsorption’ for promoting peripheral carbon atoms of the graphite cluster into the inner layer and transforming bonds from sp2-type to sp3-type within the inner carbon atoms is investigated. The ‘direct transfer-adsorption’ mechanism, which prevails under the conditions of a temperature higher than 4300K and a pressure higher than 15GPa, is at fast cooling rates and high densities. And the ‘direct transfer-adsorption’ mechanism plays a key role in the conversion from graphite to diamond.
•Nano-diamond was obtained of structure transformation by high-energy laser.•Direct transfer adsorption: new dynamics transition mechanism of nano-diamond.•Adsorption mechanism is observed to be effective during the transformation process.
Methanol and methyl formate pyrolysis were studied by measuring CH3OH and CO concentration time-histories behind reflected shock waves. In the study of methanol pyrolysis, experimental conditions ...covered temperatures of 1266–1707K, pressures of 1.1–2.5atm, and initial fuel concentrations of 1% and 0.2% with argon as the bath gas. Detailed comparisons of CH3OH and CO concentration profiles with the predictions of the detailed kinetic mechanism of Li et al. (2007) 8 were made. Such comparisons combined with sensitivity analysis identified the need to include an additional methanol decomposition channel, CH3OH↔CH2(S)+H2O, into the mechanism. Pathway and sensitivity analyses for methanol decomposition were performed, leading to rate constant recommendations both for CH3OH unimolecular decomposition and H-abstraction reactions with improved model performance. In the study of methyl formate pyrolysis, methanol concentration time-histories were measured at temperatures over the range of 1261–1524K, pressures near 1.5atm, and initial fuel concentrations of 1% with argon as the bath gas. Our current work, and CO time-histories from previous work, indicates that the Dooley et al. (2010) 3 model is able to accurately simulate most species concentrations in shock tube experiments at early times. However, model improvement is still needed to match the CH3OH and CO time-histories at later times. Incorporation of the modified rate constants in the methanol sub-mechanism leads to good predictions of the full methanol time-histories at all temperatures. The kinetic implications of some aspects of the CO time-histories and suggestions for further improving the predictive capabilities of these mechanisms are discussed. The current results are the first quantitative measurements of CH3OH time-histories in shock tube experiments, and hence are a critical step toward understanding of the chemical kinetics of oxygenates.
Abstract
Observations from uncrewed surface vehicles (saildrones) in the Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort Seas during June – September 2019 were used to evaluate initial conditions and forecasts with ...lead times up to 10 days produced by eight operational numerical weather prediction centers. Prediction error behaviors in pressure and wind are found to be different from those in temperature and humidity. For example, errors in surface pressure were small in short-range (<6 days) forecasts, but they grew rapidly with increasing lead time beyond 6 days. Non-weighted multi-model means outperformed all individual models approaching a 10-day forecast lead time. In contrast, errors in surface air temperature and relative humidity could be large in initial conditions and remained large through 10-day forecasts without much growth, and non-weighted multi-model means did not outperform all individual models. These results following the tracks of the mobile platforms are consistent with those at a fixed location. Large errors in initial condition of sea surface temperature (SST) resulted in part from the unusual Arctic surface warming in 2019 not captured by data assimilation systems used for model initialization. These errors in SST led to large initial and prediction errors in surface air temperature. Our results suggest that improving predictions of surface conditions over the Arctic Ocean requires enhanced in situ observations and better data assimilation capability for more accurate initial conditions as well as better model physics. Numerical predictions of Arctic atmospheric conditions may continue to suffer from large errors if they do not fully capture the large SST anomalies related to Arctic warming.
Experimental data suggest that obesity enhances the effects of ambient air pollutants on exacerbation of asthma; however, there is little supporting epidemiological evidence. The aim of present study ...is to evaluate whether obesity modifies the association between ambient air pollution and respiratory symptoms and asthma in children.
In Northeast China, 30 056 children aged 2-14 years were selected from 25 districts of seven cities. Parents of the children completed questionnaires that characterized the children's histories of respiratory symptoms and illness, and associated risk factors. Overweight and obesity were calculated with an age and sex-specific body mass index (BMI, kg m(-2)), with BMIs of greater than the 85th and 95th percentiles defining overweight and obesity, respectively. Average annual ambient exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter 10 μm (PM(10)), sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), nitrogen dioxides (NO(2)) and ozone (O(3)) was estimated from data collected at monitoring stations in each of the 25 study districts.
We observed consistent and significant interactions between exposure and obesity on respiratory symptoms and asthma. The associations between each pollutant's yearly concentrations and respiratory symptoms and asthma were consistently larger for overweight/obese children than for normal-weight children, with odds ratios (ORs) ranging from 1.17 per 31 μg m(-3) for PM(10) on wheeze (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01, 1.36) to 1.50 per 10 μg m(-3) for NO(2) on phlegm (95% CI: 1.21, 1.87) and cough (95% CI: 1.24, 1.81).
These results showed that overweight/obesity enhanced respiratory health effects of air pollution in the study children.
The ability of antibodies to bind a wide variety of analytes with high specificity and high affinity makes them ideal candidates for therapeutic and diagnostic applications. However, the poor ...stability and high production cost of antibodies have prompted exploration of a variety of synthetic materials capable of specific molecular recognition. Unfortunately, it remains a fundamental challenge to create a chemically diverse population of protein-like, folded synthetic nanostructures with defined molecular conformations in water. Here we report the synthesis and screening of combinatorial libraries of sequence-defined peptoid polymers engineered to fold into ordered, supramolecular nanosheets displaying a high spatial density of diverse, conformationally constrained peptoid loops on their surface. These polyvalent, loop-functionalized nanosheets were screened using a homogeneous Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay for binding to a variety of protein targets. Peptoid sequences were identified that bound to the heptameric protein, anthrax protective antigen, with high avidity and selectivity. These nanosheets were shown to be resistant to proteolytic degradation, and the binding was shown to be dependent on the loop display density. This work demonstrates that key aspects of antibody structure and function-the creation of multivalent, combinatorial chemical diversity within a well-defined folded structure-can be realized with completely synthetic materials. This approach enables the rapid discovery of biomimetic affinity reagents that combine the durability of synthetic materials with the specificity of biomolecular materials.
Liver cancer is one of the most dominant malignant tumors in the world. The trends of liver cancer mortality over the past six decades have been tracked in the epidemic region of Qidong, China. Using ...epidemiological tools, we explore the dynamic changes in age-standardized rates to characterize important aspects of liver cancer etiology and prevention.
Mortality data of liver cancer in Qidong from 1958 to 1971 (death retrospective survey) and from 1972 to 2017 (cancer registration) were tabulated for the crude rate (CR), and age-standardized rate and age-birth cohorts. The average annual percentage change was calculated by the Joinpoint Regression Program.
The natural death rate during 1958-2017 decreased from 9‰ to 5.4‰ and then increased to 8‰ as the population aged; cancer mortality rates rose continuously from 57/10
to 240/10
. Liver cancer mortality increased from 20/10
to 80/10
, and then dropped to less than 52/10
in 2017. Liver cancer deaths in 1972-2017 accounted for 30.53% of all cancers, with a CR of 60.48/10
, age-standardized rate China (ASRC) of 34.78/10
, and ASRW (world) of 45.71/10
. Other key features were the CR for males and females of 91.86/10
and 29.92/10
, respectively, with a sex ratio of 3.07:1. Period analysis showed that the ASRs for mortality of the age groups under 54 years old had a significant decreasing trend. Importantly, birth cohort analysis showed that the mortality rate of liver cancer in 40-44, 35-39, 30-34, 25-29, 20-24, 15-19 years cohort decreased considerably, but the rates in 70-74, and 75+ increased.
The crude mortality rate of liver cancer in Qidong has experienced trends from lower to higher levels, and from continued increase at a high plateau to most recently a gradual decline, and a change greatest in younger people. Many years of comprehensive prevention and intervention measures have influenced the decline of the liver cancer epidemic in this area. The reduction of intake levels of aflatoxin might be one of the most significant factors as evidenced by the dramatic decline of exposure biomarkers in this population during the past three decades.
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