Stellar-mass black holes have all been discovered through X-ray emission, which arises from the accretion of gas from their binary companions (this gas is either stripped from low-mass stars or ...supplied as winds from massive ones). Binary evolution models also predict the existence of black holes accreting from the equatorial envelope of rapidly spinning Be-type stars (stars of the Be type are hot blue irregular variables showing characteristic spectral emission lines of hydrogen). Of the approximately 80 Be X-ray binaries known in the Galaxy, however, only pulsating neutron stars have been found as companions. A black hole was formally allowed as a solution for the companion to the Be star MWC 656 (ref. 5; also known as HD 215227), although that conclusion was based on a single radial velocity curve of the Be star, a mistaken spectral classification and rough estimates of the inclination angle. Here we report observations of an accretion disk line mirroring the orbit of MWC 656. This, together with an improved radial velocity curve of the Be star through fitting sharp Fe II profiles from the equatorial disk, and a refined Be classification (to that of a B1.5-B2 III star), indicates that a black hole of 3.8 to 6.9 solar masses orbits MWC 656, the candidate counterpart of the γ-ray source AGL J2241+4454 (refs 5, 6). The black hole is X-ray quiescent and fed by a radiatively inefficient accretion flow giving a luminosity less than 1.6 × 10(-7) times the Eddington luminosity. This implies that Be binaries with black-hole companions are difficult to detect in conventional X-ray surveys.
Recent reports on both theoretical simulations and on the physical chemistry basis of spontaneous mirror symmetry breaking (SMSB), that is, asymmetric synthesis in the absence of any chiral ...polarizations other than those arising from the chiral recognition between enantiomers, strongly suggest that the same nonlinear dynamics acting during the crucial stages of abiotic chemical evolution leading to the formation and selection of instructed polymers and replicators, would have led to the homochirality of instructed polymers. We review, in the first instance, which reaction networks lead to the nonlinear kinetics necessary for SMSB, and the thermodynamic features of the systems where this potentiality may be realized. This could aid not only in the understanding of SMSB, but also the design of reliable scenarios in abiotic evolution where biological homochirality could have taken place. Furthermore, when the emergence of biological chirality is assumed to occur during the stages of chemical evolution leading to the selection of polymeric species, one may hypothesize on a tandem track of the decrease of symmetry order towards biological homochirality, and the transition from the simple chemistry of astrophysical scenarios to the complexity of systems chemistry yielding Darwinian evolution.
We present optical spectroscopy of MWC 656 and MWC 148, the proposed optical counterparts of the γ-ray sources AGL J2241+4454 and HESS J0632+057, respectively. The main parameters of the Hα emission ...line equivalent width (EW), full width at half-maximum and centroid velocity in these stars are modulated on the proposed orbital periods of 60.37 and 321 d, respectively. These modulations are likely produced by the resonant interaction of the Be discs with compact stars in eccentric orbits. We also present radial velocity curves of the optical stars folded on the above periods and obtain the first orbital elements of the two γ-ray sources, thus confirming their binary nature. Our orbital solution supports eccentricities e∼ 0.4 and 0.83 ± 0.08 for MWC 656 and MWC 148, respectively. Furthermore, our orbital elements imply that the X-ray outbursts in HESS J0632+057/MWC 148 are delayed ∼0.3 orbital phases after periastron passage, similar to the case of LS I +61 303. In addition, the optical photometric light-curve maxima in AGL J2241+4454/MWC 656 occur ∼0.25 phases passed periastron, similar to what is seen in LS I +61 303. We also find that the orbital eccentricity is correlated with the orbital period for the known γ-ray binaries. This is explained by the fact that small stellar separations are required for the efficient triggering of very high energy radiation. Another correlation between the EW of Hα and orbital period is also observed, similar to the case of Be/X-ray binaries. These correlations are useful to provide estimates of the key orbital parameters P
orb and e from the Hα line in future Be γ-ray binary candidates.
Thermodynamic hypotheses and models are the touchstone for chemical results, but the actual models based on time-invariance, which have performed efficiently in the development of chemistry, are ...nowadays invalid for the interpretation of the behavior of complex systems exhibiting nonlinear kinetics and with matter and energy exchange flows with the surroundings. Such fields of research will necessarily foment and drive the use of thermodynamic models based on the description of irreversibility at the macroscopic level, instead of the current models which are strongly anchored in microreversibility.
Chiral hypercycle replicators (first-order autocatalysis together with mutual cross-catalysis) formed from achiral or racemizing resources may lead to spontaneous mirror symmetry breaking (SMSB) ...without the need for additional heterochiral inhibition reactions, such as those of the Frank-like models, which are an obstacle for the emergence of evolutionary selection properties. The results indicate that the chemical models for the emergence of primordial autocatalytic self-reproducing systems, of and by themselves, can also explain naturally the emergence of biological homochirality.
The aldol reaction between acetone and 4‐nitrobenzaldehyde run in the nominal absence of any enantioselective catalyst was monitored by chiral HPLC with the aid of an internal standard. The collected ...data show the presence of a detectable initial enantiomeric excess of the aldol product in the early stages of the reaction in about 50 % of the experiments. Only a small fraction of the reaction contained the non‐racemic aldol product after 24 h. This temporary emergence of natural optical activity could be the signature of a coupled reaction network that leads to a spontaneous mirror‐symmetry‐breaking process, which originates at very low conversions (i.e., strongly depends on events taking place at the very first stages of the process). The reaction is not autocatalytic in the aldol product, which rules out a simple Frank‐type reaction network as the source of the observed symmetry breaking. On the other hand, the isolation and characterisation of a double‐aldol adduct suggested a reaction network that involved both indirect autocatalysis and indirect mutual inhibition between the enantiomers of the reaction product.
Mirror, mirror on the wall! HPLC monitoring of the aldol reaction between 4‐nitrobenzaldehyde and acetone (see figure) in the absence of a chiral catalyst reveals that spontaneous mirror symmetry breaking takes place initially in about 50 % of the reactions. A novel coupled reaction network that involves indirect autocatalysis and does not require heterochiral inhibition in the aldol product can explain this behavior.
We report on broad multiwavelength observations of the 2010-2011 periastron passage of the γ-ray loud binary system PSR B1259−63. High-resolution interferometric radio observations establish extended ...radio emission trailing the position of the pulsar. Observations with the Fermi
Gamma-ray Space Telescope reveal GeV γ-ray flaring activity of the system, reaching the spin-down luminosity of the pulsar, around 30 d after periastron. There are no clear signatures of variability at radio, X-ray and TeV energies at the time of the GeV flare. Variability around periastron in the Hα emission line, can be interpreted as the gravitational interaction between the pulsar and the circumstellar disc. The equivalent width of the Hα grows from a few days before periastron until a few days later, and decreases again between 18 and 46 d after periastron. In near-infrared we observe the similar decrease of the equivalent width of Brγ line between the 40th and 117th day after the periastron. For the idealized disc, the variability of the Hα line represents the variability of the mass and size of the disc. We discuss possible physical relations between the state of the disc and GeV emission under assumption that GeV flare is directly related to the decrease of the disc size.
Summary Background The REVASCAT trial and other studies have shown that the neurovascular thrombectomy improves outcomes at 90 days post stroke. However, whether the observed benefit is sustained in ...the long term remains unknown. We report the results of the prespecified 12-month analysis of the REVASCAT trial. Methods Patients with acute ischaemic stroke who could be treated within 8 h of symptom onset were randomly assigned to medical therapy (including intravenous alteplase when eligible) and neurovascular thrombectomy with Solitaire FR or medical therapy alone. The main secondary outcome measure at 1 year follow-up was disability, measured using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), ranging from 0 (no symptoms) to 6 (death) with categories 5 (severe disability) and 6 (death) collapsed into one category (severe disability or death), analysed as the distribution of the mRS. Additional prespecified secondary outcome measures included health-related quality of life measured with the EuroQol five dimensions questionnaire (EQ-5D) utility index (ranging from −0·3 to 1, higher values indicate better quality of life), the rate of functional independence (mRS 0–2), and cognitive function measured with the Trail Making Test (reported elsewhere). Treatment allocation was open label but endpoints at 12 months were assessed by masked investigators. The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov , number NCT01692379. Findings From Nov 24, 2012, to Dec 12, 2014, 206 patients were randomly assigned to medical therapy plus endovascular treatment (n=103) or medical treatment alone (n=103), at four centres in Catalonia, Spain. At 12 months post randomisation, based on 205 of 206 outcomes available at 12 months, thrombectomy reduced disability over the range of the mRS (common adjusted odds ratio aOR 1·80, 95% CI 1·09–2·99), and improved functional independence (mRS=0–2; 45 44% of 103 patients vs 31 30% of 103 patients; aOR 1·86, 95% CI 1·01–3·44). Health-related quality of life was superior in the thrombectomy group (mean EQ-5D utility index score, 0·46 SD 0·38 in the thrombectomy group vs 0·33 0·33 in the control group, difference 0·12 95% CI 0·03–0·22; p=0·01). 1-year mortality was 23% (24 of 103 patients) in the thrombectomy group versus 24% (25 of 103 patients) in the control group. Interpretation At 12 months follow-up, neurovascular thrombectomy reduced post-stroke disability and improved health-related quality of life, indicating sustained benefit. These findings have important clinical and public health implications for evaluating the cost-effectiveness of the intervention in the long term. Funding Fundació Ictus Malaltia Vascular through an unrestricted grant from Medtronic.
Spontaneous mirror symmetry breaking (SMSB), a phenomenon leading to non-equilibrium stationary states (NESS) that exhibits biases away from the racemic composition is discussed here in the framework ...of dissipative reaction networks. Such networks may lead to a metastable racemic non-equilibrium stationary state that transforms into one of two degenerate but stable enantiomeric NESSs. In such a bifurcation scenario, the type of the reaction network, as well the boundary conditions, are similar to those characterizing the currently accepted stages of emergence of replicators and autocatalytic systems. Simple asymmetric inductions by physical chiral forces during previous stages of chemical evolution, for example in astrophysical scenarios, must involve unavoidable racemization processes during the time scales associated with the different stages of chemical evolution. However, residual enantiomeric excesses of such asymmetric inductions suffice to drive the SMSB stochastic distribution of chiral signs into a deterministic distribution. According to these features, we propose that a basic model of the chiral machinery of proto-life would emerge during the formation of proto-cell systems by the convergence of the former enantioselective scenarios.
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