Resumo A reflexão que propomos neste artigo consiste em uma investigação sobre os nomes jocosos – buere wame, na língua tuyuka, ‘apelidos’, em português –, no âmbito mais amplo dos nomes pessoais e ...coletivos. A reflexão sobre a criação, a atribuição e o uso dos apelidos busca entender como esses processos podem responder a interrogações sobre relacionalidade e socialidade, que se expressam nas relações entre consanguíneos e afins, homens e mulheres, indígenas e não indígenas, humanos e não humanos. A abordagem adotada aqui está, portanto, ligada às relações de afinidade e de gênero, à sexualidade e à identidade individual e coletiva, pensadas particularmente através do humor. Buscaremos entender o sentido dos apelidos, analisando sobretudo aspectos linguísticos e sociológicos através do estudo das lógicas inerentes à sua atribuição e ao seu uso nos contextos do cotidiano e festivos. Para investigar essas questões, apresentamos alguns exemplos etnográficos de apelidos pessoais pensados através de princípios de criação, bem como dos ‘relatos de origem’ associados a esses nomes.
Abstract The reflection that we propose in this article consists in an interrogation about the nicknames, buere wame in the Tuyuka language, “apelidos” in Portuguese, in the broader context of personal and collective names. Reflection on the creation, attribution, and use of nicknames will aim to understand how these processes can respond to questions about relationality and sociality, which are expressed in the relationships of consanguinity and affinity, between male and female, indigenous and non-indigenous, human and non-human. The approach adopted here is therefore connected with kinship and gender relations, sexuality, and individual and collective identity, seen particularly through humor. We will seek to understand the meaning of nicknames by analyzing mainly linguistic and sociological aspects, through the study of the logics inherent to their attribution and their use in everyday and festive contexts. To investigate these issues, we will present some ethnographic examples of personal nicknames viewed through the lens of principles of creation, as well as of the “stories of the origins” of these names.
CRISPR-Cas9 is a promising technology for genome editing. Here we use Cas9 nuclease-induced double-strand break DNA (DSB) at the UROS locus to model and correct congenital erythropoietic porphyria. ...We demonstrate that homology-directed repair is rare compared with NHEJ pathway leading to on-target indels and causing unwanted dysfunctional protein. Moreover, we describe unexpected chromosomal truncations resulting from only one Cas9 nuclease-induced DSB in cell lines and primary cells by a p53-dependent mechanism. Altogether, these side effects may limit the promising perspectives of the CRISPR-Cas9 nuclease system for disease modeling and gene therapy. We show that the single nickase approach could be safer since it prevents on- and off-target indels and chromosomal truncations. These results demonstrate that the single nickase and not the nuclease approach is preferable, not only for modeling disease but also and more importantly for the safe management of future CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene therapies.
Objective
To assess automatic computer‐aided in situ recognition of the morphological features of pure and mixed urinary stones using intra‐operative digital endoscopic images acquired in a clinical ...setting.
Materials and Methods
In this single‐centre study, a urologist with 20 years' experience intra‐operatively and prospectively examined the surface and section of all kidney stones encountered. Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) or Ia, calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) or IIb, and uric acid (UA) or IIIb morphological criteria were collected and classified to generate annotated datasets. A deep convolutional neural network (CNN) was trained to predict the composition of both pure and mixed stones. To explain the predictions of the deep neural network model, coarse localization heat‐maps were plotted to pinpoint key areas identified by the network.
Results
This study included 347 and 236 observations of stone surface and stone section, respectively; approximately 80% of all stones exhibited only one morphological type and approximately 20% displayed two. A highest sensitivity of 98% was obtained for the type ‘pure IIIb/UA’ using surface images. The most frequently encountered morphology was that of the type ‘pure Ia/COM’; it was correctly predicted in 91% and 94% of cases using surface and section images, respectively. Of the mixed type ‘Ia/COM + IIb/COD’, Ia/COM was predicted in 84% of cases using surface images, IIb/COD in 70% of cases, and both in 65% of cases. With regard to mixed Ia/COM + IIIb/UA stones, Ia/COM was predicted in 91% of cases using section images, IIIb/UA in 69% of cases, and both in 74% of cases.
Conclusions
This preliminary study demonstrates that deep CNNs are a promising method by which to identify kidney stone composition from endoscopic images acquired intra‐operatively. Both pure and mixed stone composition could be discriminated. Collected in a clinical setting, surface and section images analysed by a deep CNN provide valuable information about stone morphology for computer‐aided diagnosis.
Porphyria denotes a heterogeneous group of metabolic disorders caused by anomalies in the biosynthesis of heme, a crucial component of hemoglobin and other vital hemoproteins ....
Two experimental methods, the Nile Red dye extraction and the Williamson ether synthesis in biphasic conditions, were used to characterize the mixing performance of a new cheap impinging jet ...colliding mixer from Gjosa and to compare it to other commercial micromixers (Caterpillar CPMM-R300, T-mixer, LTF MR-MX and LTF MR-MS). The Nile Red method shows that the Caterpillar mixer is the best one. Excellent results are also achieved with two Gjosa mixers in series. These results are not reflected in the Williamson ether synthesis, where the best mixer is the Gjosa one.
A horse’s body condition impacts every aspect of its life, including reproduction, performance, and health. Obesity and equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) are common in Nigeria; hence, early ...identification of a horse’s obesity status by the owner is key to avoiding associated health issues such as EMS. Our study aimed to determine whether horse owners could effectively estimate their horses’ body condition scores (BCSs) and cresty neck scores (CNSs). A total of 50 adult sedentary West African Barb horses owned by 50 different people were enrolled in the study. Body condition scores (BCSs) and cresty neck scores (CNSs) were assessed on scales of 1–9 and 0–5, respectively, by an experienced veterinarian and owners. The latter had no veterinary background, received no prior education, and assessed their horses based on provided visual aids and descriptions. The BCS estimates of the experienced veterinarian and owners were slightly in agreement (k=0.209), while there was moderate agreement (k=0.547) between the CNS estimates of the experienced veterinarian and the owners. The proportion of obesity based on the experienced veterinarian’s estimation (32%) was higher than that of the owners (18%). The proportion of nuchal crest adiposity based on the experienced veterinarian’s (38%) estimation was slightly lower than that of the owners (42%). A larger proportion of the owners underestimated their horses’ BCSs and CNSs. We conclude that owners cannot effectively estimate their horses’ BCSs and CNSs. It is imperative that they are informed about the health issues associated with obesity and are taught how to effectively estimate BCS and CNS.
Age-related memory decline including spatial reference memory is considered to begin at middle-age and coincides with reduced adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Moreover, a dysfunction of vitamin A ...hippocampal signalling pathway has been involved in the appearance of age-related memory deficits but also in adult hippocampal neurogenesis alterations. The present study aims at testing the hypothesis that a mid-life vitamin A supplementation would be a successful strategy to prevent age-related memory deficits. Thus, middle-aged Wistar rats were submitted to a vitamin A enriched diet and were tested 4 months later in a spatial memory task. In order to better understand the potential mechanisms mediating the effects of vitamin A supplementation on hippocampal functions, we studied different aspects of hippocampal adult neurogenesis and evaluated hippocampal CRABP-I expression, known to modulate differentiation processes. Here, we show that vitamin A supplementation from middle-age enhances spatial memory and improves the dendritic arborisation of newborn immature neurons probably resulting in a better survival and neuronal differentiation in aged rats. Moreover, our results suggest that hippocampal CRABP-I expression which controls the intracellular availability of retinoic acid (RA), may be an important regulator of neuronal differentiation processes in the aged hippocampus. Thus, vitamin A supplementation from middle-age could be a good strategy to maintain hippocampal plasticity and functions.
(1) Background: Congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP), named Günther's disease, is a rare recessive type of porphyria, resulting from deficient uroporphyrinogen III synthase (UROS), the fourth ...enzyme of heme biosynthesis. The phenotype ranges from extremely severe perinatal onset, with life-threatening hemolytic anaemia, to mild or moderate cutaneous involvement in late-onset forms. This work reviewed the perinatal CEP cases recorded in France in order to analyse their various presentations and evolution. (2) Methods: Clinical and biological data were retrospectively collected through medical and published records. (3) Results: Twenty CEP cases, who presented with severe manifestations during perinatal period, were classified according to the main course of the disease: antenatal features, acute neonatal distress and postnatal diagnosis. Antenatal symptoms (seven patients) were mainly hydrops fetalis, hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, and malformations. Six of them died prematurely. Five babies showed acute neonatal distress, associated with severe anemia, thrombocytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, liver dysfunction, and marked photosensitivity leading to diagnosis. The only two neonates who survived underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Common features in post-natal diagnosis (eight patients) included hemolytic anemia, splenomegaly, skin sensitivity, and discoloured teeth and urine. All patients underwent HSCT, with success for six of them, but with fatal complications in two patients. The frequency of the missense variant named C73R is striking in antenatal and neonatal presentations, with 9/12 and 7/8 independent alleles, respectively. (4) Conclusions: The most recent cases in this series are remarkable, as they had a less fatal outcome than expected. Regular transfusions from the intrauterine period and early access to HSCT are the main objectives.
Early consumption of obesogenic diets, rich in saturated fat and added sugar, is associated with a plethora of biological dysfunctions, at both peripheral and brain levels. Obesity is also linked to ...decreased vitamin A bioavailability, an essential molecule for brain plasticity and memory function.
Here we investigated in mice whether dietary vitamin A supplementation (VAS) could prevent some of the metabolic, microbiota, neuronal and cognitive alterations induced by obesogenic, high-fat and high-sugar diet (HFSD) exposure from weaning to adulthood, i.e. covering periadolescent period.
As expected, VAS was effective in enhancing peripheral vitamin A levels as well as hippocampal retinoic acid levels, the active metabolite of vitamin A, regardless of the diet. VAS attenuated HFSD-induced excessive weight gain, without affecting metabolic changes, and prevented alterations of gut microbiota α-diversity. In HFSD-fed mice, VAS prevented recognition memory deficits but had no effect on aversive memory enhancement. Interestingly, VAS alleviated both HFSD-induced higher neuronal activation and lower glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation in the hippocampus after training.
Dietary VAS was protective against the deleterious effects of early obesogenic diet consumption on hippocampal function, possibly through modulation of the gut-brain axis.
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